JMimkipal Club 










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PRESENTED HV 




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BROOKLYN 

The Home Borough of New York City 




Its Family Life, Educational 

Advantages, Civic Virtues, 

Physical Attractions and 

Varied Industries 



PREPARED BY THE MUNICIPAL CLUB OF BROOKLYN 



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CHAPTERS 



Introduction Herbert F. Gunnison 

A History of Brooklyn J. Herbert Lo<w . . 



Robert II. Roy . . 
William McAndreiu 
Charles C. Tompkins 
Edward M. Basset/ . 
John B. Creighton 



The Brooklyn' Spirit .... 
Home Life and Influences . . 
The Personality of Brooklyn . 
The Voice of Public Opinion . 
People and Population . . . 

Where the People Live Frank II. Tyler 

The Social Life timet R. Latson 

Art \nd Literature Frank P. Hill 

Altruistic Endeavors Louii II. Pint 

Churches and Charities L. Hard Brigham, D.D 

Educational Advantages Walter B. Gunnison, P/i 

Parks and Playgrounds Herman A. Meta 



Recreation and Amusements 



James J. McCabt 



Protection and Security Otto Kempner 



John H. Harmon . 
I If red E. Steers . 
Edioard C. Blum . 
Walter Ham mitt 
Frederic H. Evans 



Civic Organizations .... 
Borough Government .... 
Transit Superiority .... 

Commerce 

Manufactures 

The Water Front L. Fletcher Snapp 

Health and Sanitation Peter Scott. M.I). 

Banking and Thrift Victor A. Lersner 

The Brooklyn Bench Thomas P. Peters 

Brooklyn Self-Supporting . . . . B. T. Butterv.orth 

City Planning loseph V. Witherbee 

The Destiny of Brooklyn .... Frederick IT. Roue 

Facts About Brooklyn Ed<win G. Martin . 



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117 

121 

127 




\ the act of consolidation of 1897 the City 
of Brooklyn was civilly amalgamated with 
New York, and was catalogued in the amal- 
gamation as the Borough of Brooklyn, but 
while its municipal sovereignty was federated 
it was too large to lose its identity, and it still remains 
and will forever continue as the City of Brooklyn. It 
is larger in area than its neighboring Borough of Man- 
hattan, nearly equals it in population and with its present 
ratio of increase continuing will soon exceed it in the num- 
ber of its people. It is a city great in its history, great in 
population, industry, and in the tine conditions of its civic 
and social life. 

The great West may expand its cities by lake side and 
river side, but Nature marks out the cities of destiny, and 
so long as the great tides come into the imperial harbor of 
New "1 ork and the highway of the sea enters its port, the city 
which is now the metropolis of the nation, will hold its pre- 




Vale of Cashmere, Prospect Park 



eminence. The western Republic is already the nation of 
manifest, triumphant and attained destiny; from New York. 
Harbor go the great shuttles of international commerce 
and into it they return again. 

Its harvests feed the world, its cotton clothes it, its 
wealth enriches it, and the voices which have challenged its 
sovereignty are dying into silence in their acknowledgment 
of its supremacy. 



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PROSPEC r Park. 

Brooklyn holds the strategic key of this vestibule of 
the nation. Its seaboard extends from the eastern point of 
Long Island, the land indented with great ports, and then 
swinging eastward around the island comes back upon the 
outward side. The water flows deep beneath its docks and 
the commerce of the world can discharge its cargoes in its 
warehouses. It is not a place of salty marshes and treach- 
erous lagoons, its hills slope down to meet the sea, and its 



coast is rock bound and keeps the sea from filching away its 
shores. 

The sea breezes temper the air for breathing, and the 
sandy soil of Long Island is Nature's filter for the water, 
making it pure and sparkling as if drawn at costly price 
from the faucets of the druggist's counter. 

By the sea, only a little beyond the center of the Bor- 
ough, is Coney Island, a summer and winter city by the 




U. S. Grant Statue 



sea, where are broad beaches and water tempered with a 
warmth which delights while it invigorates, and stretching 
outward and beyond along its coast, are other seaside cities, 
to which the people can go at great ease and small cost. 
Not far off need the Brooklynites go for their summer out- 
ings, for the sea and the woods, all things that are coveted 
in summer heats, are close at hand. 




Main Entrance, Prospect Park 



Brooklyn is a city of parks, not man-made, but with con- 
tours of great hills and natural forests, city playgrounds for 
children and great boulevards leading to all delights. While 
it has its own individual life on its own island, it ties the 
continent to itself with great bridges free for man and 
beast over the waters and by tunnels under them. The count- 
less threads of industrial and social life interlace the city to 
all the life of the continent. 

It is a city of great industries and yet so are they placed 
that they do not overshadow and mar the people's homes. 
There are factories, foundries, the countless industries which 
make the nation's industrial life, with convenient homes for 
their workers not far away and all conveniences for ship- 
ment of their products. The varied character of these in- 
dustries keeps prosperous the life of the city, while capital in 

10 



ample quantities lies in the banks, and labor in adequate 
numbers is easily at hand. 

The city is old and has had time not only to establish 
its business on firm foundations but to make strong all its 
civic and social institutions. Its government, while not ideal, 
has been measurably efficient, for the people's life has not 
been so feverish and absorbing that they could not be 
watchful of their servants. 

Brooklyn has long been known as "the City of Churches," 
and while some of the giants of the pulpit have passed away, 
tluy have left successors of fully equal rank. The schools 
of the city are not excelled, while a library building able to 
house the present large collection and future additions is 
projected. The various sections of the city are admirably 
provided with local libraries while the Brooklyn Institute, 
with its unmatched succession of lectures and concerts is 




Emmanuel Baptist Church 



without a peer in this country in its work of maintaining 
a high standard of intelligence in the community. It 
may well become one of the units that will make up the 
Brooklyn University, which will not be long delayed. 

The transportation facilities, which are fairly adequate, 
are being rapidlv increased and no part of the vastly ex- 
tended territory is not easily accessible. In all the essentials 




St. Mark's Avenue 

of a great city Brooklyn holds high rank with fair repute, 
imperial location and the prestige of having managed its 
affairs well, and added not only great industries but great 
men to the nation. 

Attractive as Brooklyn already is, it is just entering upon 
a movement for its larger, its more orderly, more con- 
venient, and more beautiful development, the effects of 
which will be far reaching. That is the Brooklyn Planning 
movement, which seeks to apply the experience of Washing- 

12 



ton, of Chicago and of Paris to the growth of Brooklyn. 
That work is only in its early stages as yet, but it has 
<r,.ne far enough to convince those familiar with it that a 
plan will be found adequate to lit Brooklyn for its high 
destiny as the home borough of the imperial city of New 

York.' 

\s a city of homes Brooklyn justly claims its highest 
honor It is the city of the family. Men own their homes 




Skating in Prospect Park 
and know their neighbors. Interested in the welfare of 
the city because it is their home; its prosperity is their solici- 
tude and its fair repute their pride. The Municipal Club, 
whose members seek no office, and which has no other object 
than the preservation of the high ideals of the city and its 
civic betterment, has prepared this booklet, with chapters 
by well-known men, who know whereof they speak, on 
some of the features of the present-day life of Brooklyn. 



A HISTORY OF BROOKLYN 

By J. Herbert Low 




STRIP of shore with 134 inhabitants in 166(1; a city coter- 
minous with Kings County and holding a population of 
1,634,351 in 1910, — such has been the development of Brook- 
lyn in 25d years. 

When ferries were so dangerous that the sudden move- 
ment of a horse would send to death in the currents of the 
East River a whole boat load of men and animals; when the farmers of the 
five little settlements of Gauwanus and Breuckelen and Waalbogt and Neue 
Amersfoort and Vlachte Bos passed their quiet lives without one desire to 
risk a passage to New York, no flight of the imagination could have pictured 
the evolution which was to send myriads of workers to Brooklyn for their 
homes. Yet, today, those five little communities under their more modern 
names of Gowanus and Brooklyn and Wallabout and Flatlands and Flat- 
bush, and adding to themselves Williamsburg and Bushwick and still other 
towns pour their countless thousands into Manhattan by subway train and 
bridge car, and use their ferries 
chiefly for truckage, while nearly 
twice the number traveling to Man- 
hattan pass between their homes 
and places of business and of labor 
within the lines of the Borough of 
Brookh n. 

The early settlers of this locality 
came for agriculture, not for com- 
merce, and rapidly took up the 
shore line from Gowanus to the 
Wallabout, expanding them to 
Count's Beach or Gravesend, to 
Medwoud or Flatbush and — most 
important of all — to a tract bound- 
ed by the present Boerum Place, 
Fulton Street and Hudson Street. 
Here was founded, by a little col- 
ony of farmers in 1645 or 1646, the 
village of Breucklen or Brookland, 
destined later to incorporate all the 
other villages within itself. 

The growth of the western end 
of Long Island was cosmopolitan, 
for it included Dutch and English, 









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Inscription on Tablet in Prospect 

Park : 

Line of Defense 

\i G. 2~, 1776 

Battle of Long Island 

175 Feet South 

Site of Valley Grove House 
150 Feet North 



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View in Prospect Park from the 
site of the breastworks in the bat- 
TLE of Long Island, Aug. 27, 1776. 

The United States census was 
Brooklyn by decades are as follows: 

In 1790 1,603 

1800 2,378 



Walloons and French Huguenots; 
but it was slow. Kings Countv 
came into existence with the con- 
vening of the first colonial legisla- 
ture in 16S3; but as late as 1738, 
the population of the shore villages 
was reckoned at only 574 whites 
and 158 slaves, while that of the 
entire County had grown by the 
year 1786 to only 3,986. Mean- 
while the Revolutionary War had 
swept the colonies and Brooklvn 
had felt the full force of it. Wash- 
ington and the soldiers on Brooklyn 
Heights escaped after the Battle of 
Long Island, but the Brooklvn of 
that period has ever since been 
associated with the darkness of pa- 
triotic despair, not alone because 
of this defeat, but even more be- 
cause the British kept at anchor in 
the waters of the city the unspeak- 
able prison ships, the bodies of the 
sufferers in which have since been 
buried with military honors in Fort 
Greene Park and will not be for- 
gotten, so long as the present 
beautiful monument to them stands, 
inaugurated in 1790. Its returns for 



In 1810 4,402 

1820 7,175 

1830 15,394 



By this time, there was a growing demand for incorporation as a city, 
which was bitterly opposed bv "capital, speculation and monopoly," which 
"joined hands in a most formidable league against the aspirations and 
endeavors of Brooklyn." Rents in New York were 3 5^ higher than in any- 
other city of the United States. If merchants and their clerks found Brooklyn 
attractive — and they would in a city rather more than in a village, owing 
to its larger advantages — property interests in Upper Manhattan would 
suffer. Then, too, the New York Corporation, by clever manipulation of 
the charters of 1708 and 1732, had laid hold of the land on the Brooklyn 
shore between high and low water, and Brooklyn as a municipality would 



^/erort 




be apt to dispute this claim. Finally, the Fulton Ferry, owned and leased 
by the Corporation, was making money for it and the founding of a rival 
corporation was looked at askance. Brooklyn could count more than 15,000 
inhabitants and New 
York 150,000, and there 
was a large amount of 
marketing between the 
two places; yet for nine- 
teen years the Council 
had granted no new con- 
cession for a ferry, on the 
alleged ground of an 
agreement with the les- 
sees of the ferry in 1811, 
that they should have ex- 
clusive rights for twenty- 
five years for ferriage 
south of Catherine Street. 
The large property own- 
ers in New York natur- 
ally exerted their influ- 
ence with the Council to 
hold to this agreement, 
so that the population 
would move northward 
instead of to Brooklvn. 
But this antagonized the 
workmen of New York 
and gave a strong im- 
petus to the founding of 
the Equal Rights Party 
there. On one day in 
October of 1S34, the foot 
passengers who crossed 
the Fulton Ferry num- 
bered S.521. 

Thus the force of 
public opinion on both 
sides of the river won 
for Brooklyn her coveted 
incorporation as a city in 
1S34, and on April 25th, of that year, George Hall became its first mavor. 
Yet one objection, illuminating in its imaginative grasp, must not be passed 
over, namely, — that sometime in the future two million people would be 




Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument 
Fort Greene 



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The Ocean Boulevard 

living in New York, Kings and Richmond Counties, all of whom ought to 
be incorporated into one city ! 

Population now began to advance rapidly. The Atlantic Avenue Ferry 
was founded in 1836, the Hamilton in 1846, the Wall Street in 1853, and 
others, — all operated, no longer by the New York Corporation, but by the 
Brooklyn Union Ferry Company. The census returns are interesting from 
this point on: 

In 1840 36,233 

1850 96,838 

1860 266,661 



In 1870 396,099 

1880 566,663 

1890 838,547 

1900 1,166,582 



This great development since 1SS0 has been due chiefly to the opening 
of the Brooklyn Bridge in 1883, the absorption into the City of Brooklyn 
of the towns of Flatbush, Flatlands, Gravesend and New Utrecht in 1S94, 
and the consolidation of Brooklyn as a Borough of Greater New York, on 
January 1, 1898, which resulted in a lowering of the Brooklyn tax-rate. 

And now, with new subways and new bridges and improved transit 
on this side of the river, the population has risen to 1,700,000. Nothing that 
the geographical center of the greater city is actually near the site of the 
Dutch Reformed Church in Flatbush, is it too rose-colored a dream that 
the future voyager sailing up our majestic bay may view upon the Heights 
of Brooklyn, made beautiful and dignified with esplanade and park and 
square, the series of splendid public buildings which will designate Brooklyn 
as the seat of government of the City of Greater New York! 



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THE BROOKLYN SPIRIT 

By Robert H. Roy 

HERE is a distinctive and distinctly wholesome spirit about 
the life of Brooklyn. Though hard to define, it is easilv 
discernible. It can be traced, and in a measure at least 
attributed, to the sturdy qualities of its Dutch settlers and 
to those influences which have made Brooklyn renowned 
as the City of Churches. It is reflected in its salutory home 
life, in its excellent system of public instruction, in the support its citizens 
uniformly give to all movements of civic betterment and moral uplift, 
in the cleanliness of its social conditions, and in the independence of its 
voters in political affairs. 

Its population is of that substantial, home-loving and thrifty class, which 
is the vital element of a free community. Child life is esteemed and enjoved 
and morally protected. 

Its public education system was used as a model after which the public 
school system of the Greater City of New York was patterned. In addi- 
tion to her public school system, Brooklyn supports a unique and superb 
educational force in the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, which 
furnishes opportunities for scientific, artistic and musical learning, which 
no other city affords. 

The demand for better streets, more schools, increased transit facilities 
and efficient law enforcement, finds expression and produces impression 
through at least one hundred organizations or Boards of Trade, whose 
members keep in close touch with the problems of their immediate vicinity 
and follow up public expenditures with a view to their proper and ef- 
fective use. 




The Shore Road 



In addition to such organizations the public spirit of our people sup- 
ports in whole or in part about two hundred and fifty charitable move- 
ments through which the poor, the sick, the halt and the blind of all ages, 
races and religions are ministered unto and relieved. 

A superb example of Brooklyn spirit was shown in the campaign re- 
centlv conducted by the Young Women's Christian Association for funds 
to erect two large boarding homes for working girls, one to be established 
in the Eastern District and the other in connection with the Central Branch 
of that organization. Within nine days $505,021.27 was raised from S,006 
subscribers. The individual subscriptions ranged from five cents to $35,000. 
When the old Academy of Music on Montague Street was burned, 
November 30, 1903, Brooklyn was deprived of one of her important build- 
ings. A building, in- 
deed, which constituted 
the principal center of 
art, musical and edu- 
cational life. The pri- 
vate corporation which 
owned it concluded it 
would not rebuild, but 
would use the proper- 
ty for business pur- 
poses. It became neces- 
sary to apply to the 
citizens of Brooklyn 
for subscriptions to the 
stock of a new corpo- 
ration, with which to 
Texxis Court, Flatbush , ... , . ~, 

build elsewhere. I he 

funds were raised, about 1,400 citizens subscribed and the new Academy, 
incomparably handsomer than the old, was built at a cost of $1,300,000. 

Brooklyn is nominally a Democratic city, yet its vote has frequently 
been cast for Republican candidates for all kinds of offices. Its last two 
mayors before consolidation with the greater city were Republicans. One 
year its vote is carried in favor of one party and the next year in favor 
of the opposite party. Probably in no other city in America are there so 
many men whose vote is uncontrolled by hide-bound partisan affiliations. 
No political organization will ever acquire a lasting hold upon the govern- 
ment of Brooklyn and Kings County, unless its leaders conduct themselves 
with wisdom and honor for a longer time than has been the habit with 
politicians here and elsewhere in the past. The independence of the voters 
of Brooklyn is due to the fact that the citizens are patriotic before they are 
partisan and love their homes above any sense of loyalty that they have 
to a mere political organization. 




HOME I II I WD I is INFLUENCE 




By William McAndrew 

'HE funny man who pictures the Brooklynite pushing a 
baby carriage is a Brooklynite himself and glories in it. 
Babies mean home, family, growing things, real life. In 
Manhattan, the man who lives next door is the man who 
lives next door; that's all. In Brooklyn he is Harry 
Thompson. He has a name, a family, a dog known as 
Towser and a cat called Tabby. When the sage of Flatbush announced 
that half the pleasure of life is folks he touched the universal chord. 
Brooklyn prides itself on being countryfied because that means: to have 
neighbors, to know them, to enjoy sitting upon their porch and to forswear 
the foolish fancy of the conven- 
tional city man who lets himself 
become a hermit among millions 
of people. 

Community life makes for 
character. The friendly man is 
the honest one. The more people 
you know well the more good peo- 
ple you know. For vice and dis- 
honesty ever shun the light. A 
city of neighborly feeling is always 
a clean community. Your chil- 
dren know your neighbor's chil- 
dren. Into your family group 
comes the variety secured bv visits 
of your neighbors' boys and girls. 
Brooklyn keeps the fine old- 
fashioned institution called the 
family circle. Brooklynites still 
find a pleasure staying at home as 
many evenings as their fathers 
used to do. All the gilt and tinsel 
of a metropolis looks cheap to the head of a family who knows the homely 
style of living possible in a city that has jealously guarded the traditions 
found to be worth while. It is no accident that the city of churches, the 
city of good schools, is everywhere denominated the city of good fellowship, 
the city of homes. Its amusements are the healthy co-operation of neigh- 
bors together. It, alone of all the cities in the world, perpetuates its 
Children's day with tens of thousands marching in the streets to the 
music of the band. Its celebration of the national holidays in neighborly 

21 




Grace Reformed Church 






co-operation; its local organizations for the "Block Beautiful"; its notable 
family excursions to the uttermost parts of the earth, its neighborhood 
clubs of literature, art, science and dramatics testify to the persistent and 
healthy life of the old home spirit which its Dutch pioneers implanted on 
the salubrious heights of the island. 

Nature predicated for the Brooklynite freedom from the artificial hunger 
for amusement characteristic of the life across the river. Brooklyn homes 
are not piled one upon the other eighteen stories high. There is all out- 
doors at hand: the open spaces of the east, the broad expanse of ocean at 
the south, and always time to come back to the family dinner in the evening 
without necessity of joining in the stifling crush of cafe or of restaurant. 

With all the resources of the largest city at command, with all the 
privileges of congenial companionship instantly available, Brooklyn wheels 
her babv-cabs, educates her boys and girls, rears her families and celebrates 
her golden weddings without apology, without the tremor of envy or the 
snivel of regret. 




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First Presbyterian Church 



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THE PERSONALITY OF BROOKLYN 



Charles C. Tompkins 




.HEX what is called the personality of Brooklyn is analyzed 
it seems to consist of thrift, love of home, civic conscience, 
and capacity for enthusiasm. The first two elements be- 
longed to both the Dutch and the English stock of old 
Kings County. The third was certainly more rigid with 
the speakers of English. The fourth, so far as enthusiasms 
for abstractions are concerned was essentially Yankee. In the Dutch there 
was a fondness for house comfort in the love of home, which did not 
actuate the New Englander. Fused in the progress of the years, where 
the Dutch and the Yankees met as they did here on almost equal terms 
and in almost equal numbers; these elements became the strength of a 
really great city, the city of Henry Ward Beecher and Richard S. Storrs, 
and Charles H. Hall, and Theodore L. Cuvler, and Sylvester Malone, all 
preachers who were also teachers of the virtue of good citizenship; the 
city which made the pioneer fight for home rule, for the crushing of corrupt 
municipal rings, for primary reform; for schools that were practical and 
thorough. The habit of discussing public questions was common to the 
people of the Hill, the Heights, Bay Ridge, Bushwick, the Eastern District. 




Brooklyn Hospital 



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Arlington Avenue Presbyterian Church 

Even the party ward association, whether republican or democratic, was 
a debating society ostensibly and often really used to advance the interests 
of the city, state and nation. Parties were evenly balanced, and bad 
nominations got their quick punishment. The bench and bar had many 
distinguished lights. Justice was even handed. 

After that came consolidation. Six Brooklyn men, Gen. Tracy, Seth 
Low, William C. De Witt, Silas B. Dutcher, Stewart L. Woodford, and 
Frederick W. Wurster, really made the greater city's charter, and made it 
largelv on the lines of the charter of old Brooklyn. At no time has the 
controller of the city been a resident of any borough but Brooklyn. Both 
Mayor and Controller are now Brooklynites, and Brooklyn with Queens 
has nine votes out of sixteen in the Board of Estimate. William H. Max- 
well, Brooklyn's Superintendent of Public Instruction, took over the rest 
of the city's schools, and his power is as yet dominant. Within a year the 
city's agreement has handed over to the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company 
for the future the very cream of passenger transportation in Manhattan. 
The force of Brooklyn has vindicated itself in all the Greater City develop- 



That force shows no weakening. It dominates because it deserves to 
dominate. We may look with certainty for dock building, continuous water 
front improvement, increased industrial activities, vast suburban growth; 



as well as new subways, new tunnels, new bridges, anil tbe working out 
of a plan for Brooklyn development of which everybody can be proud. 
Our retail stores offer conditions even more favorable to the shopper than 
those of Manhattan, already. Our Brooklyn Institute flourishes like a 
green bay tree. Our non-public educational institutions, Packer, Berkeley, 
St. Johns, Adelphi, Polytechnic, Pratt Institute and Brooklyn College, have 
no superiors anywhere. Our theatres offer the best that dramatic art can 
furnish in high class entertainment. Our new Academy of Music is just that 
in fact as well as in name, and has proved that grand opera can be made 
successful here. Our hotels yield place to no others in cuisine and conveni- 
ence. Our park and parkway system is a delight to the rambler, the driver, 
the automobile enthusiast. One can drive for twenty miles without passing 
upon a thoroughfare not under park development control, and never fail to 
have before him a scene of natural beauty. And when he pays the debt 
of nature we all must pay, he is laid away either in Greenwood, Evergreen, 
Cypress Hills, Holy Cross or other Cities Beautiful of the Dead. 

To all of these attractions Brooklyn welcomes the newcomer, in a hearty 
Brooklyn way, and makes him feel at home in twenty-four hours. He too, 
may become an adopted heir to the Brooklyn Spirit. He has only to settle 
here and do his share toward increasing the momentum of civic energy. 
His family will find friends, real friends in their own neighborhood, their 
own church, their own Sunday School. 




Parkway ix Bay Ridge 




VOICE OF PUBLIC OPINION 

By Edward M. Bassett 

N ONE of John Fiske's historical studies, "The Beginnings 
of New England," he traces the town meeting back to the 
forests of Germany. With equal accuracy he might have 
traced the progress of the town meeting spirit forward to 
Brooklyn. For three generations people imbued with the 
town meeting spirit have been coming here. In the earlier 
days they were largely of New England ancestry, attracted to New York by 
its increasing business opportunities and then attracted to Brooklyn by the 
reasonable cost of living. They were willing to endure discomforts of 
travel in order to have their families live in one-family houses among 
bright and wholesome surroundings where children would prosper and 
where the modest environment would allow the head of the family to put 
by somewhat for old age or a rainy day. It was the habit of these people 
and of the earlier Dutch settlers to keep alive a keen public opinion re- 
garding local affairs and both to express and demand that others express 
their reasons for their beliefs. 

In later years, newcomers of all nationalities were welcomed to 
Brooklyn and soon caught the Brooklyn spirit. Nowhere else did the people 
turn out in such numbers to listen to public lectures in the days before 









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St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Flatbush 
the war. The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, which some say 
is the best organization of the sort in the world, was the direct offspring 
of the early educational habit. The pulpits and lecture platforms of 
Brooklyn were a preparation for the abolition of slavery in the United 
States, and strengthened the arm that saved the nation at its time of 
crisis. 

The voice of Brooklyn could never be suppressed. It has been heard 
from one end of the country to the other in every national emergency. 
It has been the hope of some political movements and has given the death 
blow to others. A square moral issue has always been appreciated and 
backed in Brooklyn a little harder and more quicklv than anywhere else, 
and no political boss or party has been able to fool Brooklyn long. 

Here were the origin and highest fruition of taxpayers' organizations. 
They sprang from the idea that the plain citizen should do more to help 
government than merely to pay his taxes, and that government would 
be better if citizens were organized to watch how taxes are expended. 

The Brooklyn press remarkably exemplifies the Brooklyn spirit. Where 
there is a strong voice of public opinion, there will in modern times be 
a strong expression of that opinion in print. The daily newspapers of 
Brooklyn vary in the size of their organizations, but all of them are unique 
among the newspapers of the metropolis in that they recognize the existence 






of an independent and ungagged clientele. Annexations of the county 
towns and consolidation with the greater city did not affect the entity of 
Brooklyn or the relation of its press to that entity. Some of the Brooklyn 
papers stand for an accumulated public opinion to an extent that can 
hardly be paralleled in any other city, certainly not paralleled in any 
segment of a great city elsewhere in the world. 

For three generations Brooklyn has been pre-eminent in the funda- 
mental elements of municipal civilization — thrift, order, education, children, 
churches, and individual independence of opinion. The question is whether 
this can continue. Will these qualities be submerged by the waves of 
metropolitan growth and of novel ideals? Some think that if maintained 
they will be equally sound and serviceable for generations to come. The 
voice of public opinion, expressed in the future as it has been in the past, 
will make them endure. 




The Un'ion League Club 



28 






PEOPLE AND POPULATION OF BROOKLYN 

By John B. Creightdv 




noted 



HE most frequent remark of people visiting Brooklyn for 
the first time is "I had no idea that Brooklyn is so large 
a place." Unquestionably the number of persons living 
in the borough today exceeds 1,700,000. 

The early settlers of Brooklyn were deeply religious, 
enterprising and law-abiding. The frequent designation 
of Brooklyn as the "City of Churches" is no empty title. Brooklyn is 
still a city- of churches and church-going people. It is also a city of homes. 
The characteristics of the early days of Brooklyn persist in a remarkable 
way to the present time in spite of the great influx of peoples from every 
quarter of the globe. 

Brooklyn people have a cordiality about them which is instantlv 
by the new arrival — those who en- 
ter the church, club or social life 
of the borough at once feel the 
spirit of hospitality which is con- 
spicuously lacking in most Eastern 
cities. Figures based on the 
United States census of 1900 give 
the predominating nationalities in 
Brooklyn as follows: 

German 106,654 

Italian 37,200 

Russian 24,403 

Irish S3.400 

English 27,599 

Polish. 9,172 

Austrian S.034 

The foreign born races increas- 
ing most rapidly are the Italian, 
Jewish and Slavic. It is estimated 
that the total number of foreign 
born residents of Brooklyn in 1912 
is 571,355. The total number of na- 
tive born of foreign parents is 663,- 
594. We thus find the enormous 

total of 1,234,949 of foreigners and --*«a* k ^ . , a 

those born of foreign parents. 
How forceful is the original 

Brooklyn character to maintain Abraham Lincoln Statue 

its individuality and characteristics Prospect Park 




in the midst of this great immigration? Yet such is the case and Brooklyn 
today impresses one more as a New England city, with a high percentage of 
native born, than a community composed of over fifty per cent, of foreigners 
and children of foreign parents. 

Owing to our efficient public schools the percentage of illiteracy in 
1900 was 4.6 per cent. It is probable that the percentage today is even less. 

The following statistics from the last Federal census apply to the 
whole City of New York. The percentages have not been computed by 
boroughs, but it is probable that the given percentages for the entire city 
are fairly accurate for the Borough of Brooklyn: 

Of the total population of New York City in 1910 the native white 
element, numbering 2,741,504, constituted 57.5 per cent., while the foreign 
born white element, numbering 1,927,720, constituted 40.4 per cent. In 
1900 the native white element constituted a considerably larger proportion 
of the total population, or 61.4 per cent, as against 36.7 per cent, for the 
foreign born white. 

The native white population having both parents native in 1910 
numbered 921,130, while those having one or both parents foreign born 
numbered 1,820,374, or 19.3 and 38.2 per cent., respectively, of the total 




Pacific Baths — Foot of Pacific Street 



30 




Norwegian Hospit u. 



population of the city at that time; the equivalent percentages in 1900 were 
21.5 and 39.9 per cent., respectively. 

From 1900 to 1910 there was an increase in the population of the city 
as a whole of 3S.7 per cent., but for the foreign born white element there 
was an increase of 52.9 per cent., and for the negro element of 51.2 per 
cent. The native white element of native parentage increased during the 
decade 24.9 per cent., while the native white element of foreign parentage 
increased 32.7 per cent. 

The foreign born white element in 1910 constituted very nearly one- 
half of the total population of Manhattan borough, a little more than one- 
third of the total population of The Bronx and Brooklyn boroughs, respec- 
tivelv, and between 25 and 30 per cent, of the total population of Queens 
and Richmond boroughs, respectively. 

Taking Brooklyn as a separate city it would rank third in the United 
States, the order being for the first five: New York, Chicago, Brooklyn, 
Philadelphia, St. Louis. Among the largest cities of the world, Brooklyn 
ranks ninth. 

Brooklyn todav equals the combined population of San Francisco, Cin- 
cinnati, New Orleans, Washington, D. C. and Minneapolis. 

The density of population in Brooklyn is 40.7 to the acre, as com- 
pared to IIS in the Borough of Manhattan; Brooklyn has a total acreage 



of 40,071 as compared with 12,S02 for the Borough of Manhattan. It will 
thus be seen that in area Brooklyn is more than three times the size of 
Manhattan. 

Cheap rapid transit is all that is required to distribute the congested 
population of Manhattan to the open spaces of Brooklyn. The greatest 
density of population in Brooklyn is found in the 21st Assembly District, 
where it amounts to 260 per acre. In Manhattan the most densely populated 
district is the 8th, where we find 1,103 people to the acre, or over 400 per 
cent, more congested than any part of Brooklyn. The present population 
of Brooklyn exceeds the total of any of the following states: Arkansas, 
Connecticut, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Nebraska, South Carolina, Wash- 
ington, West Virginia, and twenty-one others. 

Of the foreign born colonies in Brooklyn the Brownsville and Siegel 
Street section, comprising a population of 200, QUO, entirely Jewish, are the 
most prominent. The Italian colonies in 1912 number about 150,000, or 
approximatelv the size of Venice or Bologna. The Italians from Northern 
Italv are a thrifty people who are investors in real estate. The same may 
be said of the Jewish citizens. 

The thoroughly American Brooklynite of the early days finds his city- 
invaded by manv from the old countries of continental Europe. He main- 
tains the spirit of the "City of Churches," and at the same time, through 
the schools, through the social settlements, and the numerous other chari- 
table and educational agencies, is making over the foreigner into the Ameri- 
can of tomorrow, making him and his wife and his children to feel towards 
the borough as the old Brooklvnites feel and to refer to it in the same 
affectionate wav that they refer to it, when they say "Dear Old Brooklyn." 




Phot, 
?.2 



Prospei i Park in Winter 



WHERE THE PEOPLE LIVE 



By Frank H. Ti ler 




'HE Borough of Brooklyn contains seventy-seven square 
miles, or 49,680 acres, lias 1,031 miles of highways and 
850 miles of sewers. Aside from our three bridges — the 
Brooklyn Bridge, the Williamsburg Bridge and the 
Manhattan Bridge — with practically no additional transit 
facilities during the past ten years, our population lias 

increased 467,769. 

For many years Brooklyn has been known as a favored residential 
place for all classes of people and of every degree. This is because of 
the very many attractive features, the beautiful rolling country, the attrac- 
tive drainage and the miles of water front on river, bay and ocean; and 
the atmosphere of home prevails everywhere. There is no city in the world 
that contains such a varied size and style of house with so many comforts 
and luxuries within the range of everyone. In the Heights section, the older 
part of Brooklyn, there still remain many of the larger and commodious 
four-story brick and stone private dwellings, many of which have been 
practically rebuilt and modernized and because of their substantial con- 
struction freely admit of such changes. In this locality, because of its close 
proximity to Manhattan, some changes have taken place and there are 
several very large hotels, numerous apartment hotels and bachelor apart- 
ments equal in every detail to any of the more famous hotels in Manhattan 









Avenue H — Fiske Terrace 

and with the same luxurious apartments, and at about one-half the cost. 
Here are the well-known Brooklyn Club, the daily meeting place of our 
judges and leading lawyers; the Hamilton Club, where an atmosphere of 
quiet and elegance always obtains, and the Crescent Club, a deservedly 
popular club among the younger men. 

In the so-called downtown section, everything is rapidly changing 
to a business condition and will continue a movement likely to become 
stronger each day. This section is largely populated by the many thousand 
people identified with our large department stores, which have marvelously 
developed in recent years, having numerous Manhattanites for their patrons. 

The Hill section has more fully retained its purely residential char- 
acter than many other localities, but here and there we find a modern 
apartment building. However, this section is likely to remain purely a 
residential one. It is within easy walking distance of the subway stations 
and in the midst of this locality is the old historical Fort Greene Park. 
Rentals range from $40.00 to $150.00 a month, according to the size and 
character of the house. 

With the opening of our Williamsburg Bridge came the most radical 
change in old Williamsburg, or as it is generally known, the Eastern Dis- 
trict. The character of the locality has very materially changed from a 
private residential section to a largely populated section. 

The Bedford Corners, the Old Clove Road and the Cripple Bush Road, 
now known as the Bedford and St. Marks sections, have long since lost 
their identity and no other locality has been so adequately improved to 
meet the advanced ideas of living. Small houses of brick and stone, con- 
taining from seven to ten rooms, have been built in large numbers, which 

34 





East 19TH Street — Fiske Terrace 



range in rental from $35.00 to $50.00 a month, and as well, three-story 
and basement brick and stone houses, which command from $45.00 to $75.00 
a month. The apartment houses are many, with suites of from five to 
seven rooms, the rentals of which are from $18.00 to $22.00, while the more 
modern buildings containing steam heat, hot water supply and open plumb- 
ing, run from $25.00 to $45.00; and, where more attractive features are 
provided — parquet floors, electric light, telephone and hall boy service — 
from $45.00 to $100.00 a month. 

In the heart of the St. Marks section are located many beautiful man- 
sions, products of the master hand of the architect, the artist and the modern 
mechanic. These beautiful homes are seldom offered for sale. They are 
cherished as homes and will probably pass from one generation to another, 
fine demonstrations of the great confidence our wealthy men have in the 
stability- of Brooklyn. 

The Parkway Heights section first came into prominence by the estab- 
lishment of the now famous "Spotless Town," built up of detached and 
semi-detached homes where heat and hot water supply is provided for 
each house from a central station. Here also are to be found the most 
advanced tvpe of two-family house — the Duplex — with every comfort and 
luxury and each part absolutely independent of the other, and these apart- 
ments rent from $50.00 to $75.00, and will prove a permanent investment. 

The now almost world known Prospect Park South section is a beauty 
spot without a peer in the suburbs of any great city. It is a section where 
values have not only been maintained, but have very materially enhanced, 
and where rented houses are exceptions. Beautiful, broad, parkwayed 
streets, where the landscape artist has been given full sway, characterize it, 

35 




A Brooklyn Apartment House 



36 




and the many variegated shrubs and Royal Wilton lawns make these streets 
compare most favorably with millionaires' gardens. Here may be seen 
tine expressions of the ideas of the modern architect in the pure Colonial, 
the Gothic, the old Dutch ami the Renaissance. All of this delightful section 
lies south of Prospect Park and the Parade Grounds, the free use of the 
latter being given to the public for football, baseball, cricket and tennis. 
The famous Flatbush section has many fine residential centers, including 
Fiske Terrace, Ditmas Park, Midwood, South Midwood and Vanderveer 
Park. 

Bordering on the westerly side of Prospect Park is the very attractive 
residential section known as the Park Slope, and here are many detached 
mansions and very high grade dwellings with several of the most modern 
type of apartment houses. Among these dwellings, here and there, you 
mav rind a few of them rented from $75.00 to $100.00 a month, while apart- 
ments rent from $40.00 to $100.00 a month. 

To the south of the Park Slope is the large and growing section of 
South Brooklyn, extending to Fort Hamilton and including Bay Ridge, Bath 
Beach, Borough Park and Bensonhurst. 

All of the above sections of Brooklvn are connected by a series of 
macadamized or asphalt avenues and boulevards. Our Shore Road, with 
greater possibilities than Riverside Drive in Manhattan; our Ocean Boule- 
vard, a stretch of five miles of beautiful road with many rows of magnificent 
shade trees and the terminus, the beautiful and always attractive, broad 
Atlantic Ocean, and our Eastern Parkway, a somewhat similar boulevard, 
complete a system of which they are a part with all the roads that lead 
out to suburban districts. 




Albemarle Road — Prospect Park South 



37 



THE SOCIAL LIFE 

Almet F. Latson 




EFORE the days of consolidation Brooklyn was known far 
* and wide as the City of Homes and the designation is as apt 
now as it was then, although borough must be substituted 
for the more dignified and important title of earlier years. 
And it is significant of life in this quarter of the Greater 
New York that the home spirit has extended beyond the 
limits of the family circle and found expression in a bewildering variety of 
organizations of men and women representative of every station and calling. 
There are exclusive clubs and groups of limited membership, and there are 
societies so democratic in their tendencies that the roster knows no limit, but 
the distinctive note in each of these extremes, as well as in the numberless 
organizations between, is the spirit of neighborly interest, the helpful, stimu- 
lating atmosphere that has been passed on from the home circle. 

One of the features of the social life of this great borough is the neigh- 
borhood club, which conforms exactly to its name. The members live on 
the same block, or within a radius of three or four blocks, and they share in 
practically every interest or activity that appeals to the individual residents. 
While this delightful neighborly spirit is most in evidence in the suburban 
sections it is by no means confined to them and even in the oldest residential 
quarters such clubs abound. The sewing bee flourishes as buoyantly in 
Brooklyn as it does in any old New England or Southern town and the 
neighborhood music and card clubs are countless. Church affiliations have 




38 



Flatbush Public Lidrarv 



resulted in the formation of some of the most influential and important social 
organizations of Brooklyn and the same is true with reference to various 
callings, teachers, lawyers, engineers, physicians and ministers being con- 
spicuous examples. 

At the head of the list are the great social clubs, that have years of life 
behind them and which compare in their houses, comforts, luxuries and ap- 
pointments with any eleswhere. There is the Brooklyn, oldest of all, the 
Hamilton, and closely following is the Crescent, with its fancy for healthful 
outdoor sports, the Union League, the Montauk, the Hanover, University, 
and Lincoln. These are the clubs that have served as the models for those 
that have come after, universal in their character in that they draw their 
memberships not from neighborhoods but from the entire borough. 

The fraternal life is particularly strong, big national organizations 
being represented and many of them maintaining spacious club houses or 
headquarters. 

The home spirit has found expression in the somewhat limited 
development of the civic beauty idea in relation to this borough, and in the 
congested sections no less than in the exclusive residential localities we have 
had for years spots of beauty that have truly deserved the name "Block 
Beautiful." The neighborly rivalry was 
conducted in perfect friendliness and the 
beautiful areas have become social centers 
of distinction. 

Another and a very effective mani- 
festation of the neighborhood feeling in 
the social life here is the celebration of 
national holidays, particularly the Fourth 
of July, with special programmes and ap- 
propriate exercises in different localities. 
The neighbors band together and subscribe 
to a common fund and there is a very 
satisfactory observance of the occasion with 
illuminations, music, speechmaking and fire- 
works as the essentials of the programme. 

The young people's organizations con- 
stitute a distinctive group and their num- 
ber and scope are so extensive that every 
youthful inclination and fancy receives 
recognition. Then there are the family 
clubs to which father and mother, sister 

and brother, son and daughter, uncle and aunt, all offer allegiance and 
from which they derive an immense amount of pleasure and profit. 

To sum up, there is a homey quality about every phase of social activity 
in Brooklyn that is very pleasing and this characteristic is looked upon as 
a note of distinction bv everv true and loyal Brooklvnite. 




Statue of George Washington 
Williamsburg Bridge Plaza 



39 




ART AND LITERATURE 

Frank P. Hill 

jN the higher ranges of art and literature Brooklyn has held 
a famous place, and, although these flourished to a greater 
extent before consolidation than they now do, it is more 
than probable that, when subways and tunnels bring Man- 
hattan more closely to Brooklyn than they now do, a great 
number of writers and painters and representatives of other 
branches of art, will find their way to homes and studios in Brooklvn. Still 
green is the memory of such names in literature as Henry Ward Beecher, 
Richard Salter Storrs, John Chadwick, as eminent in letters as in 
divinity. There was also William Hamilton Gibson, illustrator and maga- 
zine writer. Among painters for years living in Brooklyn were Blashfield, 
Inness and Brown, while still maintaining their homes here are Whittaker, 
Symons, Eggleston, Wadsworth, Guy and Blumenstein, while Paul Dougherty, 
the marine painter, should yet be reckoned 
as a Brooklynite. Among the women who have 
been, or now are, making Brooklvn famous are 
Mrs. Henry Ward Beecher, Fanny Crosby, the 
hymn writer, Mrs. S. B. Halliday, Mrs. Newell 
Dwight Hillis, Mrs. Lyman Abbott, Mrs. Alice 
Morse Earle, Mrs. Cornelia K. Hood, law lee 
turer for the Brooklyn Institute for 19 years, 
and Edna Dean Proctor, poetess. 

The Borough of Brooklyn is unusually 
rich in public buildings. The silent influence 
of these institutions is far-reaching and the 
facilities which they afford are greatly ap- 
preciated by the community. 

A consolidation of such independent libra- 
ries as the Brooklyn Library on Montague Street, the Library of the Union 
for Christian Work, and those in Bay Ridge, Fort Hamilton and New 
Utrecht into one system has been effected and the corporation now known 
as the Brooklyn Public Library controls many branch libraries which are 
scattered throughout the borough. The sites for these branches have been 
chosen wisely so that the greatest number of readers may be accommodated 
with the least effort in travel. The Brooklyn Public Library contains nearly 
three-quarters of a million volumes and loans over four million books for 
home reading each year. 

Besides the branches of the Public Library the Pratt Institute Free 
Library is open to the public for reference and the circulation of books, 
and the libraries of the Long Island Historical Society, the Kings County 
Medical Society, the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, and the Chil- 




Neighborhoud Guild 



41 




u 



42 



dren's Museum Library and the Brooklyn Law Library are all accessible 
to readers under proper restrictions. 

Enclosed in the many departments of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and 
Sciences are advantages that invite attendance of people of education, taste 
and accomplishment. Associate members of the Institute may select from 
the realms of agriculture, architecture, astronomy, botany, chemistry, domestic 
science, electricity, engineering, entomology, ethnology, fine arts, geography, 
geology, law, mathematics, microscopy, mineralogy, music, painting, pedagogy, 
philately, philology, philosophy, physics, political science, psychology, sociol- 
ogy and zoology. In the courses of lectures on arts and sciences lectures 
are given by eminent experts in the various lines and in that way the public 
gets the condensed knowledge which is usually acquired only after years of 
learning and experience. There are concerts and dramatic readings. To 
illustrate many of the departments visually there are collections at the 
Institute on the Eastern Parkway at Washington avenue in the magnificent 
building, which, when completed, will cover an area of 560 square feet, 
while it is to have four interior courts. One of the most important features 
of the Institute is the choice collection of paintings, sculptures and casts of 
statuary after the noblest periods of art, ancient glasses, Egyptian antiquities, 
Royal Copenhagen porcelains, Chinese cloisonnes, and European china, be- 
sides illustrations in natural history, etc. Pratt Institute and the private 
schools, high schools and colleges offer fine facilities to art students. 




Photo by F. H. Erans. 



Scene in Prospect Park 




ALTRUISTIC ENDEAVORS 

By Louis H. Pink 

• HE SETTLEMENT of today is an outpost of democracy. 
It gets its character and its strength from the people. It 
seeks to develop neighborhood spirit — sympathy and com- 
munity of interest, and is the home of the local civic 
organizations, the place for discussion of neighborhood 
problems, a center of wholesome recreation for the young. 
Its constant effort is the wider diffusion of tolerance, of culture. 

Stanton Coit, an American college graduate who had resided at Toynbee 
Hall, London, Park Commissioner Charles B. Stover, and other ardent 
spirits, became residents of a tenement on Forsyth Street. From this humble 
beginning grew the University Settlement which was organized in 1887 
under the name of the Neighborhood Guild. 

Three years later the first Brooklyn Settlement Society — the Brooklyn 
Guild Association — was organized. Though non-sectarian, it was an out- 
growth of the social work of the Second Unitarian Church. Its aim was to 
establish club rooms which should form common meeting places for all the 
social classes. In 1896, through the efforts of this Association, Maxwell House 
was erected by Henry W. Maxwell, in honor of his brother, Eugene L. Max- 
well. In 1909 this Settlement was merged into the United Neighborhood 
Guild in Nassau Street and is now a center for work among the Italians. 




Brooklyn Industrial School, 217 Sterling Place 



44 




The Convent of Mercy, ijth Avenue and 64TH Street 

The Asacog Neighborhood Association was founded in 1S96 by a group 
of young women prominent on the Heights. The Circle of Kings Daughters, 
of which Asacog was the outgrowth, had its origin in 1883, before Coit 
came to America. The work started in a lunch club for factory girls and 
broadened and strengthened until the usual Settlement activities were in- 
cluded. 

The "Astral" or Greenpoint Settlement was organized by the Neighbor- 
ship Association of Pratt Institute. It is located in the model tenements 
erected by the Pratts in Greenpoint. Most of the club and class work 
is carried on by students of the Institute. "Astral" was instrumental in 
securing the first public playground in Brooklyn. 

Friendly House has done intensive educational work among a com- 
paratively small group of people. Mr. William H. Childs has generouslv 
supported the work and made possible the employment of leaders and 
teachers of first ability. The Settlement has recently been placed under 
the control of the Church of the Pilgrims. A more democratic policy has 
been adopted and a fine new building will shortly be erected. 

The Italian Settlement was established a decade ago by William E. 
Davenport, who has always been the heart and soul of its work. Mr. 
Davenport is the link between the Calabrian, the Sicilian, and the institu- 
tions of America. Personal service to individuals has been his aim. "Little 

45 






Italy" is in the heart of the South Brooklyn Italian colony. The Settlement 
has fostered the making of native Italian hand embroidery. The building 
is old, small and unfit for a neighborhood center. Dr. Jane E. Robbins, 
who started the first woman's Settlement in America, and whose work is 
known throughout the country is the present headworker. 




St. Vincent's Home, Boerum Place and State Street 

The School Settlement in Williamsburg was organized by graduates 
of the Brooklyn high schools and receives much of its support from Packer, 
Berkeley, Adelphi and other institutions of learning. 

Willoughby House receives much of its support from the churches with 
which it is closely affiliated. It is undenominational and was formerly 
under the control of the Young Women's Christian Association. The build- 

46 



ing is modern and in excellent taste. It was erected through the generosity 
of W. G. Low. 

Lincoln Settlement is the only Settlement in Brooklyn for colored 
people. It maintains a kindergarten, a day nursery and provides a social 
center for the people of the neighborhood. 

The Brooklyn Music School Settlement is an outgrowth of the Music 
School Settlement in New York. It was established a year ago in the building 
of the United Neighborhood Guild, but has outgrown its quarters and is now 
temporarily located on Vanderbilt Avenue. Instruction in piano, violin 
and voice culture is maintained. 




Baptist Home — Greene Avenue, Cor. Throop 

The United Neighborhood Guild is a combination of the old Italian 
Settlement, Maxwell House and Asacog House. These three Settlements 
occupied a common neighborhood and united in order that a more effective 
work might be carried on. A new building, ideally planned for a neighbor- 
hood center, was erected in the fall of 1910. The Guild is democraticallv 
administered by a council of club and neighborhood representatives. Its aim 
is to be a strong civic center — "A Neighborhood Town Hall." 

St. Helen's is the only Catholic Settlement in Brooklyn. It was founded 
by the late Monsigneur W. J. White, who contributed so much to social 
progress in this Borough. This work is largely among Italians. 

47 









V^ ^v— -* 



The Hebrew Educational Society in Brownsville is not officially listed 
as a Settlement, but its activities are similar to those of other neighborhood 
centers. The Society was incorporated in 1S99 and the present building at 
Pitkin Avenue and Watkins Street secured. The Society has in the past 
devoted its efforts largely to the promotion of education among the immi- 
grant population. Social center work is now being emphasized rather than 
the educational activities which were originally considered most important. 

St. Phoebe's Mission, which adjoins the grounds of the Brooklyn 
Hospital, makes a specialty of hospital extension work. 

There are also several strong social centers conducted by churches, 
notably the Trinity Club and Trinity Guild, of the Holy Trinity Episcopal 
Church, and the Willow Place Chapel which is affiliated with the Unitarian 
Church. 

The Settlements have a bond of Union in the Brooklyn Neighborhoods 
Association which is made up of representatives from all the centers and 
is active in promoting the socializing of the public schools, park and play- 
ground development, and civic betterment. 










48 



St. Luke's Church, Clinton Avenue 





w 



< 




CHURCHES AND CHARITIES 

Rev. L. Ward Brigham, D.D. 

BROOKLYN may well be called a "Community of Churches." 
Escaping from the great economic maelstrom of New York 
City, the residents of Brooklyn, from the first, found satisfac- 
tion in attending to their duties regarding the spiritual and 
religious life of man. To speak briefly of the history, life and 
present work of the 400 churches in our borough is a task, 
architecture of the church buildings was not especially 
commanding, but in recent years this matter has been deemed of more 
importance, so that in every section impressive and attractive buildings 
are being erected. Not only has devotion thus been aided but the diverse 

phases of modern religious life and 
activity have had adequate means 
provided for their expression. 
From the early days the leaders of 
the churches have been strong men 
of pronounced ideas, who have in- 
spired the moral and civic life of 
the people. Here are the churches 
of Beecher, Storrs, Bethune, 
Behrens, Talmage, Cuyler, Little- 
john and Loughlin. These and 
many others, together with their 
successors, have mightily moved 
American life, and have sounded 
the call for a vigorous rectitude 
and a true devotion. 

While religion is one, and the 
ministering spirit is one, still its 
organization may be as varied as the temperaments of the people shall 
require. The devotees of every religion and creed have their "House of 
Prayer." Thus the composite people satisfy their religious instinct. In 
the face of a constantly changing population and of unsettled conditions 
of life, the churches have kept abreast of the needs both in the matter of 
their growth and of helpful service to the community. The emphasis may 
have been changed from theology to religion, but the essential spirit has 
never been more strong nor more of a formative influence in the com- 
munity life. Back of this efficiency has lain the ability to organize. There 
are "Captains of Religion," as there are of Industry. These men have so 
builded their modern organizations as to reach all classes of persons and 
so as to have a place for every member to do some part in the great 
work. These manv clubs and societies and associations of men and women 




50 




St. Francis Xaviers— R. C. Church 
and of young people are a power for good. They have helped to meet 
the perplexing issues of our complex society. Brooklyn calls her preachers 
from every direction, insisting upon large ability and deep consecration 
in its leaders. The services of Sunday are marked by deep devotion and 
are inspiringlv attractive. Soloists and choruses praise God and educate 
a love for the music of the masters. The religious instruction of the 
young is being modernized and rapidly reaching high efficiency. In the 
outward expression of religion perhaps the most marked features of the 
church in Brooklvn, are the prominence of inter-denominational work, 
and an intense interest in social service work. 

CHARITIES 

The problem of poverty and misfortune still remains to be solved 

bv civilization. Indeed the city has but accentuated the problem. While 

in Brooklyn these adverse conditions have appeared rather suddenly, the 

Borough has not been unmindful of them, nor of their serious character. 

51 



It has indeed been quick to respond, and many relief movements characterize 
our community life. One who is not familiar with this activity, would 
be amazed at the multiplicity of such organizations. The old days of 




Brooklyn Bureau of Charities. Behford Branch 



individual relief are passing because its futility and waste are becoming 
apparent. In its place associations are employed as more safe and effec- 

52 



tive. The churches of all faiths are to the fore in this work and the 
good they do is inestimable. Jewish, Catholic and Protestant societies are 
earnest in giving adequate relief to a condition that is unbearable to 
all alike. But everywhere is appearing the need of federation. In this 
direction the Brooklyn Department of Charities is more and more being 
trusted, as its scope of work and the amount of its service increases. The 
shadow of poverty becomes doubly dark when associated with sickness or dis- 
ability. In these, rich and poor alike feel the burden. For the public 
comfort and cure, many fine hospitals receive the support of our generous 
spirited citizens. Dispensaries in every necessitous community open their 
doors to the sick and offer medicines and the services of our best phy- 
sicians free to those in need. These relief institutions are most efficient. 
The aim of modern charity is correction. If childhood is properlv cared 
for crime will in large measure disappear. The "Big Brothers" of Brooklvn, 
the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children and many like asso- 
ciations of earnest men and women are doing much in a curative way. 
Retreats for women and children have been established wherein hope and 
courage may have rebirth. The conservation forces of society have also 
been earnestly fostered by Brooklyn. We have a Bureau of Charities 
and an Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. There are 
many large and well supported homes in which the old live in comfort 
and security. Large provision has been made for the orphaned and for 
infants, while the blind and the crippled are cared for and trained to 
be self supportive. The city care of its insane is well-administered. 




St. Marks M. E. Church — Ocean Avenue 



53 










u 







EDUCATIONAL ADVANTAGES 

By Walter B. Gunnison 

>0 SPEAK of the educational facilities in Brooklyn, and their 
growth and development, is to speak of one of Brooklyn's 
greatest subjects of pride. For many years Brooklyn has 
been called a city of churches and a city of homes. It 
can just as truthfully be called a city of schools, a place 
where education is regarded as one of the city's most 
prominent features. Within twenty-five years the number of pupils in the 
public schools of Brooklyn has increased from 72,027 to 241,282. Twenty- 
five years ago the highest number applied to a building in Brooklyn was 
43; today the highest number is 172, making an increase of 129 public 
schools during that time. At that time there was one little high school with 
a few hundred pupils, called the Central Grammar School, in order to con- 
ceal from the tax-payers the idea that a higher education was being given 
to the children. Today, there are six large high schools, any one of which 
is three or four times the size of the entire Central Grammar School of 1S85. 




The number of teachers engaged at that time was 1,332; today we have 
5,491. In addition to this great development, which has kept pace with the 
tremendous growth of the city, has been the attention not alone to the safety 
of the buildings, making them all absolutely fireproof, but also attention to 
the architecture, which has given to the city of Brooklyn some of the most 




Polytechnic Institute 

beautiful school buildings that can be found in the country. Under the 
careful supervision of the Superintendent of Buildings, Mr. C. B. J. 
Snvder, the whole attitude in regard to school buildings has been absolutely 
changed, and all his buildings, whether primary or high school, stand as 
representing the highest type of school buildings in the country, and are 
visited by the architects of the country to determine the best types that can 
be furnished. 
56 



^r&rortr&& 



In the matter of development of the schools — and we speak particularly 
of the public schools as furnishing the major part of the education of the 
borough — very marked changes have been made under the supervision and 
direction of our very able superintendent, Mr. William H. Maxwell. Under 
his management the question of politics and special privileges has been 




Boys' High School 

removed, and all appointments are made now purely on merit. Teachers 
are appointed from an eligible list, the rank of which is determined abso- 
lutely by the examination furnished by the Board of Education. 

The course of study has also been wonderfully extended. Those things 
which in derision were called "fads and fancies" have proved to be of 
substantial growth and development. The whole matter of hygiene, physical 

57 




Packer Institute 

culture, domestic science, sewing, care of the blind, deaf and crippled, 
recreation centers, vacation playgrounds, and the whole subject of kinder- 
garten education, and the professional training of teachers, are all fur- 
nished in addition to the schedules in operation twenty-five years ago. In 
all these movements the Borough of Brooklyn has taken a notable part and 
furnishes models in every respect which are being studied carefully by 
successful teachers in all parts of the country. 

The public schools, while constituting the larger work of the city, are 
also greatly aided by the academies and colleges. Pratt Institute has an 
international reputation and provides instruction on all technical voca- 
tional lines, and has under its instruction today 3,553 pupils. The Poly- 
technic Institute is another school which gives special attention to technical 
and engineering work, and it has developed steadily until within the last 

5S 




-^ru/v ^ororW 




year under the able leadership of President Atkinson it numbered 573 pupils. 
The Packer Collegiate Institute, which furnishes an excellent preparatory 
course and two years of college work, accommodates 635 pupils, while St. 
John's College and Adelphi College have each large and increasing bodies 
of pupils attending their courses. The private academies, including the 
Polytechnic Preparatory School, the Adelphi Preparatory School, the Berke- 
lev and Froebel Academies, and many other similar academies, have for 
many years furnished to the city the best obtainable instruction as pre- 
paratory schools, sending both boys and girls in large numbers to the 
finest colleges in the country. Perhaps mention of the School of Art con- 
nected with the Adelphi College should find place under another division. 
Yet it grew up with the college, was in its inception and always has been 
educational in its purpose. If it has developed as a highly organized train- 
ing school, the graduates of which have followed art as a profession, yet it 
has never lost it original purpose. 

There is one other matter which should not perhaps be credited to 




MIS 



JtfitOf* *■ 



B'-frfV 




Bedford Branch, Y. M. C. A. 




Manual Training High School 

the Brooklyn schools alone, but to the significant change of attitude toward 
education, and that is the whole treatment of the subject of athletics, under 
the direction of the Public Schools Athletic League, of which General Geo. 
W. Wingate has been president since its organization. Athletics are treated 
very properly as one of the regular departments of education. The pupils 
of our schools, under the able management of the Public Schools Athletic 
League, are furnished with trophies of all descriptions for competition, 
are given supervision of all contests, public and private, and are under 
control, thereby changing absolutely the conduct and treatment of this 
very important subject. 

Should we speak of the other important educational facilities, we must 
mention the great libraries of the borough. In Brooklyn there are fifty- 
four public libraries, furnishing to the citizens the very best facilities for 
the classification of knowledge by the old and young. The Christian 
Associations for young men and young women furnish a very large instruc- 
tion, library facilities, entertainments, lectures, and fine athletic training 
under the best supervision. The new Academy of Music has very recently 
furnished a place to the Borough of Brooklyn where the very finest plays, 

60 



operas, conceits and lectures of all kinds may be given; while the Brooklyn 
Institute, with an actual paid membership of 10,000, furnishes a great 
opportunity for the citizens of the borough. 

Taking it all in all, we who live in Brooklyn can be justly proud of 
the educational facilities of Brooklyn anil can feel perfectly sure that there 
is no borough in the city, or in any city in the land, which furnishes finer 
opportunities for the proper development and enlargement, not only of the 
young of the land but of the adult population, than we have in our own 
borders; and we can only hope that the activity and foresight of those 
who have taken part in the development of the last twenty-five years, may 
be an inspiration to the men of today to continue their lasting and bene- 
ficent work. 




Commercial High School 



61 




o 




&»&£-'- '• -■ " .+•: ;.-.' J 



Photo by F. H. Evans 

Surf at Coney Island from Ocean Boulevard 




PARKS AND PLAYGROUNDS 

Herman A. Metz 

HILE the park area in Brooklyn is not so great as in many 
cities of the country, still in some respects our parks and 
drives are not excelled by any city of the world. They have 
natural beauties that are better than any artificially made 
outlines or decorations, and as you go from one end of 
the borough to the other you do not find its parks or its 
streets monotonous. They have variety and individuality. Here is a block 
in the heart of a closely settled district laid out perhaps conventionally in 
the form of a small neighborhood park with the trees, the fountain, the 
seats, invariably associated with such a retreat. But here is a great rolling 
stretch of land that from the days of the Indians has kept free and beautiful 
its hills and its vales, its massive trees and its natural waterways. The 
streets curve and stretch away into inviting distances, sometimes following 
the attractive wanderings of a long-forgotten trail of the early settlers or 
the aborigines, and even the splendid parked boulevards turn and branch 
into the various parts of the town instead of running in stiff parallel columns 
north and south as the driveways of the narrow burg across the river do. 



03 



One day of driving from end to end of Brooklyn will open the eyes even 
of those who have been brought up here to the beauties of this rambling, 
homelike town. At its eastern end you may enter from the splendid wilds 
of Forest park, which lies just outside its gates, and along the broad High- 
land boulevard, past the end of Long Island's "backbone'' of hills and with 
a view far across house tops and meadows to Jamaica Bay, you begin to see 
the bigness and unforced attractiveness of the town into which you have 
just come. Down the last of the big hills you sweep from this road into 
even a finer one and for several miles along the shaded and broad Eastern 
Parkway you drive straight through the heart of the city, passing now 




64 



A Park Scene 










Prospect Park and Maryland Monument 

mansions, now open fields, now clusters of cozy little houses, until at its 
end you find yourself in the famous plaza which leads the way to one of 
the finest natural retreats in any city — Prospect Park. 

Here are quiet paths, rolling meadows, charming groves, brilliant gar- 
dens, inviting lakes dotted with boats in the summer or sounding to the 
clicks of speeding skates in the winter. It would take days to explore all 
the nooks and corners and more days of fascinating study to learn all there 
is to know of Prospect Park's place in history, for in spite of its calm ap- 
pearance Prospect Park marks the site of one of the greatest battles of the 
Revolution and is otherwise interesting historically. 

Through this unrivaled park you drive and come out near an open 
space of peculiar interest to Brooklyn, the Parade Grounds, forty acres in 
extent, where all the borough goes to see games and maneuvres and reviews. 
Then, if you do not wish to explore the many pretty streets of Flatbush you 
may swing over into the entrance to the Ocean Boulevard and in one long, 
swift ride go straight to the shore of the Atlantic. It is at Coney Island 
that you have come out and now if you choose you may explore this great- 
est of playgrounds and in carriage or auto drive the length of Surf avenue 
to the tip end of the island, at Sea Gate. By another route you may skirt 
Gravesend Bay and reaching Fort Hamilton find yourself at the beginning 
of one of the most imposing driveways ever built, a curving roadway, nearly 
three miles in length, at the very edge of New York's Harbor, overlooking 

5 65 




















^U%^ 





66 



every ship, great or small, that passes in or out through the bay — the 
famous Shore Road. Then with a final sweep around its last curving slope, 
you reach another broad parked drive and head again toward the center of 
the city. 

F.ven such a comprehensive trip as this leaves out many interesting sec- 
tions and comes into touch with but a fraction of the park system. So re- 
nowned a spot as Fort Greene Park lies far from its reach, close to the 
business center of the town, telling its tale of history and martyrdom through 
the towering shaft that crowns its hill. And it has left no time for an ex- 
ploration of the botanical gardens which are one of the newest features of 
a pretty little triangular park which all but encloses the Brooklyn Institute. 

Then all through the rest of the borough, sometimes not recognized by 
name beyond the range of a few dozen blocks to which they afford pleasure 
and rest and a breathing spot free from noise and the danger of cars, are 
numbers of small neighborhood parks — Bedford, noted more than the rest on 
account of its unique Children's Museum; Carroll, Bushwick, Lincoln, Sara- 
toga, Stuyvesant, Sunset, Tompkins, and the rest — and playgrounds in every 
crowded neighborhood, provided with swings, sandpiles, balls, gymnasium 
apparatus, where the boys and girls, driven from the streets by trolleys, 
autos, horses and policemen, may revel to their hearts' content, learning new 
games from competent instructors, or playing whatever their fancy dictates 
in safety, enjoying the only real childhood their poverty can provide. Any- 
where and everywhere these child-saving places of wholesome amusement 
are tucked away — under the approaches to the bridges, in vacant lots be- 
tween factories, in a scarce corner of land among the tenements. 




Grecian Temple — Prospect Park 



67 



AMUSEMENTS AND RECREATIONS 

Bv James J. McCabe 




iUSIC — The season of grand opera at the Academy of 
Music brings to Brooklyn each year the greatest singers 
of the world. With these great artists, assisted and sup- 
plemented by the grand chorus and orchestra of the Metro- 
politan Opera House, the great operatic works, old and 
new, are produced under world-famous directors, and on 
a scale of magnificence approached by few of the great musical centers 
of Europe. Here, as elsewhere, the opera is recognized as the chief public 
enjoyment of the most exclusive society, as well as of the general music- 
loving public, and the performances are distinguished by an attendance 
which marks them as among the most brilliant functions of the social season. 
The concert season includes series of concerts by the great symphony 
orchestras, which rank with the great symphony performances of the Old 
World orchestras, and are very largely attended. In addition there are 
fine concerts by the smaller instrumental organizations, quintettes, quartettes, 
trios, etc., and by the various large choral societies; concerts and recitals 
bv famous vocalists and instrumentalists and innumerable events with 




Sathing at Coney Island 



69 







Crescent Athletic Club Boat House 



programs of varied character. Organ recitals are given in churches where 
fine instruments are installed, and in the high schools and in the Training 
School for Teachers; and throughout the summer season free military band 
concerts are given in the public parks. 



DRAMA 

The more important theatres of Brooklyn are for the most part 
comparatively new, and all, even the older houses, are commodious and 
comfortable and, as a rule, fitted and furnished most artistically. They 
range from the most expensive houses, which present only the great stars 
and the highest class of traveling companies all the way to the modest 
neighborhood establishments presenting a few vaudeville acts in combina- 
tion with moving pictures. Though important theatres are placed in various 
sections of the borough, the principal amusement center is the same as 
the principal business center, and the streets which are crowded with 
shoppers during the day are filled with amusement seekers at night. The 
playgoer has a wide choice, for in addition to the class of playhouses 
already mentioned, he will find good traveling companies performing at 
moderate prices, the highest grade of vaudeville, and some excellent resident 

70 



stock companies producing standard plays to a large and loyal clientele, at 
reasonable charges. 

The moving picture industry, undoubtedly the most remarkable form 
of low-priced popular entertainment that has ever been devised, thrives 
here as everywhere, and exhibition places are plentifully distributed through- 
out the borough. 

In amateur dramatics, Brooklyn has always held a prominent posi- 
tion, and some of the leading clubs have given regular performances for 
forty years or more. The amateurs of Brooklyn are an earnest and thought- 
ful body of workers, whose performances are distinguished by their high 
character, and they constitute an important factor in the artistic and social 
life of the community. 

The lecturer who has something to say or to show is always sure of 
a hearing, and the hundreds of lectures given by leaders of culture and 
thought in science, art and letters are attended by large audiences. At 
many of these lectures, the most advanced methods of illustration are 
employed, and at the free evening lectures given in school houses in 
various sections of the borough, the yearly attendance reaches enormous 
figures. 




Riding and Driving Club 



71 



RECREATION 

Practically every form of recreation requiring the development of 
special skill has organizations devoted to its particular interest and pro- 
moting its practice. 

Athletic clubs engaged in all forms of gymnastic and athletic work 
are thriving in all parts of the borough. Some of these are sumptuously 
housed, and are equipped regardless of cost, with the best of modern appara- 
tus and appliances for scientific physical development. 

Bowling clubs in great numbers enjoy the pleasures of this most 
sociable of indoor sports. All the leading social clubs have bowling alleys 
and bowling enthusiasts, and the numerous alleys for rent are in use by- 
private clubs of ladies and gentlemen on afternoons and evenings through- 
out the season. Bowling tournaments of all kinds are constantly in progress 
on the great public bowling places in all sections of the borough. 

Baseball was practically cradled in Brooklyn, for in the early days 
of the game many of the famous players had their homes and received 
their training here, and here were the fields on which were fought historic 
baseball battles before the day of the professional player. The field of the 
present National League Club has fine accommodations for thousands of 
spectators, and is at times taxed beyond its capacity. A great number of 




A Summer Day in* the Park 



&W1? 





Central Congregational Church 



amateur clubs may be seen at the Prospect Park ball grounds, each with 
its hundreds — sometimes thousands — of admirers. 

There are several tennis clubs with courts upon their own grounds, 
and courts in large number are laid out in Prospect Park. Golf clubs make 
constant use of the courses at Dyker Beach Park and at Forest Park; and the 
automobile clubs and the general automobile public realize to the full the 
pleasures of the great roadways. Riding and driving clubs have their 
regular shows and other events on the tracks and arenas of their own 
club quarters, and they also have at their disposal the roads and bridle 
paths of the public parks and parkways. Fishermen and marksmen have 
their organizations, using for their purposes the waters and the amusement 
parks of Brooklyn and vicinity, and presenting each season their interesting 
schedules of events. 

Brooklyn's water front offers exceptional advantages for water sports- 
men, which they have not been slow to realize. Gravesend Bay, Jamaica 
Bay, the waters about the harbor, and even the ocean itself, are utilized 
for regattas, races and cruises, by yachtsmen, oarsmen and owners of power 
boats, the numerous clubs fostering these various forms of enjoyment hav- 
ing their quarters along the shore. And there is Brooklyn's famous Coney 
Island, which has no competitor on the broad earth, where hundreds of 
thousands pleasure seekers go daily. 

73 




PROTECTION AND SECURITY 

By Otto Kempxer 

^\E of the cleanest and safest communities in the countrv" — 
that is the judgment concerning Brooklyn often pronounced 
by observing persons who are familiar with all parts of the 
United States. No doubt the compliment is well merited, 
for in a moral sense Brooklyn does stand high above the 
average. Brooklyn's distinctive fame as a communitv of 
homes and churches has reached the antipodes. It is, indeed, the abode 
of a people long distinguished for their hearth-loving and God-fearing 
characteristics, no less than for their high order of intelligence and political 
independence. It must follow, as night succeeds day, that in such a com- 
munity, the enjoyment of life and property is as complete as finite human 
ability can make it. 

In safe-guarding a municipality, the fundamental elements of protec- 
tion are the police and fire departments. Where these essential branches 
of local government are efficient and adequate, substantial security is 
vouchsafed to all the inhabitants. How is Brooklyn provided for in these 
important particulars? 




Police Station — Sheepshead Bay 



POLICE PROTECTION 

As one of the boroughs of Greater New York, Brooklyn has not the 

privilege of an independent police system, but its interests are not neglected 

in consequence thereof. A force of patrolmen numbering 2,500 uniformed men 

are on constant duty throughout the borough, under the guidance of a full 




f f §!■■■ 

'i M a ' - . - i 




Fire Headquarters Building — Jay Street 

allotment of superior officers. Thirty-five precincts divide the territory, 
each containing a rinelv equipped station-house which is conveniently located. 
Although the area of the borough includes 40,071 acres, every section of 
Brooklvn has its police-station within easy reach. There are vast dis- 
tances to be covered by the police who patrol the outlying portions of 



m 



A 



i 



5 , 




N 



! 
1 i If '41 »: Itil I; •■'§>'! 



I 




14TH Regiment Armory, 8th Avenue and 14TH Street 

the borough, but they seemingly get over the ground, for crimes of violence 
are of rare occurrence, and the sparcely settled sections appear as safe and 
as immune against marauders as the built-up and congested neighborhoods. 
That crime is at a low ebb in Brooklyn may be conclusively demon- 
strated by a comparison of police statistics. The arrests for 1910 for the 
entire City of New York numbered 170,681, but Brooklyn, including the 
Boroughs of Richmond and Queens, only contributed +7,785 towards the 
total. (It is necessary to quote the figures of those three boroughs together, 
because the inferior criminal court system divides the city into two divisions, 
the first containing the Boroughs of Manhattan and The Bronx, and the 
second being made up of Brooklyn, Queens and Richmond). In the First 
Division, over 10,000 persons were arrested on felonv charges during the 
past year, while in the Second Division the number was only 4,355. Over 
1,500 arrests for burglary were made in New York, but Brooklyn escaped 
with a total of 695. For keeping disorderly houses the record shows 32<> 
arrests in Manhattan and The Bronx, whereas in Brooklyn, Queens and 
Richmond combined there were only 90 arrests for the same cause. Six 
hundred and fifty-three charges of robbery were preferred in the First 
Division, while in the Second there were only 19S. Thus it runs through 
the whole category of criminal offenses, showing that in proportion to the 
entire population there is at least thirty-three per cent, less crime com- 



76 



mitted annually in the Second Division than in the First Division; and if 
Brooklvn could be taken separately, the ratio of crime to the population, in 
comparison with the rest of the city, could be lowered to twenty per cent. 

FIRE PROTECTION 
In the matter of fire protection, the Borough of Brooklyn enjoys a full 
measure of security. The Fire Department in Brooklyn and Queens is in 
charge of a Deputy Commissioner, the main office being in Manhattan, but 
unlike the method prevailing in the Police Department, the Deputy Fire 
Commissioner possesses considerable independent authority and is in full 
control within his territory. The force in Brooklyn and Queens consists 
of 1,675 regular members, and it costs close to $3,000,000 to maintain it 
annually. The last annual report of the Fire Commissioner shows that the 
department has 75 engine companies, 30 hook and ladder companies and 7 
hose companies in use in Brooklvn and Queens. During 1910 there occurred 
14.405 fires in the entire city, of which number the total for Brooklyn and 
Queens was but 4,783. The loss by fire for the entire city reached the sum 
of $8,591,831, but the loss in Brooklyn and Queens amounted to only 
$2, 175,665. During the past year there was issued $775,400 of corporate 
stock of the City of New York to provide for the erection of new fire 
houses in Brooklvn and Queens. Our borough is well equipped in respect 







t.vrii Kimmknt Armory, Sumner, Jefferson and Putnam Avenues 




of a high pressure fire service, for the system covers an area of 1,546 acres. 
The pressure is supplied by three pumping stations, with 123,000 feet of 
mains and 740 hydrants in Brooklyn, and 8,500 feet of mains and 50 
hydrants in Coney Island. 

The high pressure system operates in the following manner: On receipt 
of a fire alarm at a pumping station, simultaneously with that at fire head- 
quarters, a pressure of 75 pounds is immediately put on the mains, which 
pressure reaches the entire system before the Fire Department can arrive 
at a fire. There are high pressure telephone boxes adjacent to each fire 
alarm box, through which instant communication with the pumping station 
can be had, and orders for an increase or decrease of pressure, or the 
shutting down of the system, can be promptly communicated. 

The Brooklyn fire-fighters are a brave body of men, and many instances 
of individual courage are continually occurring. With equal emphasis the 
same meed of praise may be bestowed upon their brothers of the police force. 

NAVAL AND MILITARY PROTECTION 

Brooklyn is exceptionally fortified with defensive agencies in times of 
war. The Department of the East of the United States Army has its head- 
quarters on Governor's Island, which is located near the shores of Brooklyn, 
and Forts Hamilton and Jay are close by. The Brooklyn Navy Yard is 
well-known as one of the largest naval stations in the country. The National 
Guard is represented in Brooklyn by the Second Brigade headquarters, and 
throughout the borough are to be found the armories of the Signal Corps, 
Second Company; Squadron C, Cavalry; Third Battery, Light Artillery; 
and the Fourteenth, Twenty-third and Forty-seventh Regiments, Infantry. 




Fort Hamilton 



CIVIC ORGANIZATIONS 




Bv Johx N. Harmon 

BROOKLYN leads all the boroughs of the greater city in 
quantity and quality of activity for the betterment of social 
and civic conditions. Xo fewer than one hundred organi- 
zations today in the "Borough of Homes and Churches" are 
working separately and co-operatively for the improvement 
of "politics," to use a much maligned word in its true 
sense. No measure of importance, from a civic standpoint, has come before 
the municipal, state or federal governments for action since consolida- 
tion, without the delegation from Brooklyn appearing in greater numbers 
than any other to advance argument more intelligently. 

Formerly, when the me- 
tropolis was still in the em- 
bryonic stage of develop- 
ment, local jealously was 
prevalent and every section 
of this borough fought for 
improvements on the narrow 
principle of selfishness. 
What this error cost Brook 
lyn is inestimable, but can 
be roughly conjectured by 
comparison with the benefits 
that have been secured in 
other boroughs by united ef- 
fort of citizens and officials, 
in the way of transit develop- 
ment, park extension, and the 
increase of educational facili- 
ties, during the past decade. 

Just now a different spirit is inspiring the civic forces of all localities 
and real results are becoming apparent. Systematic co-operation through rep- 
resentative central organization is the method by which the big things are to 
be accomplished. The Brooklyn League and the Municipal Club and the 
Allied Boards of Trade are directing the field work for the scores of tax- 
payers' associations, subway associations, playground associations, and busi- 
ness men's associations, without interfering in the least in the government 
of the separate and smaller bodies. 

The neighborhood associations, the societies for alleviating poverty, the 
women's leagues, and the children's organizations find plenty of space for 
efficiency in the personal sense, inside the broad scope of civic duty. These 




Brooklyn Club 
Pierrepont. Corner Clinton Streets 



associations complement the efforts of the general improvement organiza- 
tions and right individual and social wrongs, in addition to securing favor- 
able legislation to safeguard and promote their various causes. 

Among the most important organizations engaged in civic and social 
work in Brooklyn are: The Citizens' Committee on City Plan, Brooklyn 
League, Municipal Club, Allied Boards of Trade and Taxpayers' Asso- 
ciation, Manufacturers' Association, Nineteenth Ward Improvement Asso- 
ciation, Broadway-Lafayette Avenue Subway League, Broadway Board 
of Trade, Brownsville Board of Trade, Central and Smith Street Board 




^^s^=^ 




Masonic Temple, Lafayette Avenue 



of Trade, Cypress Hills Board of Trade, Downtown Taxpayers' Associa- 
tion, Flatbush Board of Trade, Flatbush Taxpayers' Association, Fourth 
Avenue Subway Association, Fulton Street Board of Trade, Grand Street 
Board of Trade, Ridgewood Board of Trade, South Brooklyn Board of 
Trade, Twenty-eighth Ward Taxpayers' Association, Wyckoff Heights 
Taxpayers' Association, Prospect Park South Association, Ridgewood Heights 
Improvement Association, Ridgewood Park Board of Trade. 






BOROUGH GOVERNMENT 

By Alfred E. Steers 



OT many citizens have a clear conception of the powers 
and limitations of the Borough President. Some are in- 
clined to think he is still the mayor of Brooklyn, and letters 
are often received, addressed to him as mayor of Brook- 
lyn. Other letters are addressed to him as the mayor 
of Kings County, also the president of Kings County. 
There is some reason for this latter belief as the Borough of Brooklyn 
comprises the whole of Kings County, as also does the Borough of Queens. 





Fu 



Court Streets and Beecher Statue 



The duties of the presidents of the different boroughs are not identical. 
For instance, in the boroughs of Richmond and Queens, the borough presi- 
dents have charge of the Department of Street Cleaning, while in Brooklyn 
this work is under the direction of a Deputy Commissioner of Street 
Cleaning. 

The functions of the President of the Borough of Brooklyn may be 
divided into two classes: 

First — Those which pertain to his duties in the Board of Estimate 







Bird's-eve View up Fulton Street 

and Apportionment, in which Board, with his two votes, he passes upon 
appropriations of the entire city, and all matters coming before that 
Board. As a member of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, he 
has the right to investigate any subject matter of policy of the city, 
or can go into the borough of another president and make such investiga- 
tions as he may deem proper for his own information. 

Second — Within his own borough, where his principal work is with 
the departments of streets, dealing with the paving and re-paving matters 
and with the sewers, he is also charged with the topographical surveys 
of the borough, and maintains a Division of Sub-structures, which depart- 
ment plots on charts the pipes, conduits and all other structures beneath 
the surface of the ground, so that by consulting these charts it is possible 
to learn where any important sub-surface structure is located. 

The Borough President has not — as is commonly supposed — charge of 
all the public buildings and offices in the borough. Those principal build- 
ings over which he has jurisdiction are the Borough Hall, the Municipal 
Building, the Public Comfort Stations, Public Baths, the Municipal and 
Magistrates' courts, the Tenement House offices, and such of the depart- 
mental offices under his charge and located in private buildings. Where 
offices of some of the city departments, however, are located in buildings 



82 



under the jurisdiction of the Borough President, the repairs and minor 
care of these offices are in the care of the Department of the President, 
but otherwise, as for supplies, etc., this comes under the authority of that 
department. 

The Borough President, however, maintains what is known as the 
Bureau of Buildings, entirely separate and distinct from the Bureau of 
Public Buildings and Offices. It is the duty of the superintendent of 
this department, and his subordinates, to inspect all new structures in the 
borough, also to carefully examine the plans for all new buildings and 
the alterations of existing structures before a permit for same is issued. 

The present administration is using every effort to secure an adequate 
municipal building, at a cost of $3,000,000. 

Among the extensive operations of the Borough President of Brooklyn 
might be cited the flushing plant for the Gowanus Canal, now com- 
pleted, representing an investment upward of $1,000,000. 

The Eighth Ward Market, which is being constructed at the foot of 
36th Street, is a matter on which the city is spending considerably over 
$1,000,000. This market is very much needed by the Bay Ridge and the South 
Brooklvn sections, and will do for that territory what the YVallabout 
Market has done for the older parts of Brooklvn. 

The cost of maintaining and conducting the city government must neces- 




t- Tin 

3 P 



w m 



ia 



ii niji 




Chemistry Building — Pratt Institute 



83 



sarily increase, and for several reasons. The city is growing very rapidly, 
in population and street area. We have, in this borough, nearly 1,100 miles 
of streets to maintain, with nearly 900 miles of sewers to care for. The 
increase in population necessarily makes increased demands upon every 
department, and the mandatory increases in wages must affect the total 




": 1 9 




Crescent Athletic Club 

expenditures of the city. It is not the policy of the present administration 
to continually cry economy so much as it is to secure efficiency of service 
and to gain an adequate return for the money expended. The question 
is necessarily asked, has the city administration advanced, in efficiency, to 

84 






the same extent as mechanical invention and private enterprise? If we 
look into the conduct of the city's business we find, in the engineering 
departments, men who are graduates of our best technical schools and who, 
in the course of their work, are evolving methods which keep pace with 
the present-day standards of mechanical advancement. Take, for instance, 
the improved machinery for road making, the improved methods of build- 
ing sewers and waterworks, etc. Note, also, the rapidity with which great 
bridges are now being constructed. In the mechanical or technical side 
of the city's work we can see there has been a marked improvement. 




Brooklyn Heights 

However, on the purely administrative side of the city government the 
improvement has not been so noticeable. 

The numerous citizens' associations and committees of the borough are, 
in a sense, an auxiliary service to the borough government. They become, 
as it were, inspectors located throughout the borough, and can advise the 
officials as to the requirements of their various sections. Their complaints 
are immediately investigated and, wherever possible and necessary, the 
remedv is forthcoming. The welcome held out to these associations and 
committees has had the effect of more intimately connecting the individual 
citizen with the government of the borough than was contemplated when the 
practice was established. 

85 







THE TRANSIT SUPERIORITY OF BROOKLYN 



By Edward C. Blum 




IROOKLYN, after a struggle of years with ups and downs 
of fortune and misfortune to those who fought for the 
borough's transit needs, is coming into its own. Each year 
now should see the rapid development of the borough as 
a perfect home community as well as a great manufac- 
turing and commercial center. Brooklyn is naturally a 
borough of homes and families. Nowhere in the world are advantages so 
great geographically and topographically. Her growth in recent years has 
been surprising to outsiders. It would be more surprising that her growth 
was not greater did we not know that transit conditions, a seeming apathy 
and a lack of appreciation for years on the part of the public of transit 
needs and how to secure them, stunted and held back developments. In 
spite, rather than on account of these conditions, Brooklyn has jumped 
ahead and will make even greater strides. 

The metropolis of beautiful Long Island, taking in all its extreme 
southern part with its irregular semi-circle shore front, indented with 
splendid bays that are destined to be the greatest harbors in the world 
and sweeping closely along the shores of Manhattan for miles, Brooklyn 




Flatbush Avenue — Junction of Fulton 



si; 



vK£s\«?< 




Subway — Borough Hall Station 

has unparalleled advantages of being a delightful, salubrious place in 
which to live, a wonderfully situated |?ort and manufacturing center, with 
the ocean on one side offering Jamaica Bay as a magnificent future possi- 
bility as a port, and Gravesend Bay and New York Bay, and the East 
River completing the semi-circle. 

The very expansiveness of its territory makes Brooklyn the easiest to 
get at from the business centers of Manhattan. Every section, in fact, is 
easier of access and quicker to reach from the principal points of the 
Borough of Manhattan, than any other borough. The radius from the 
center of Manhattan to any point of the compass on the extreme boundary 
of the Borough of Brooklyn is shorter than the distance between the northern 
end of Manhattan and less than half the distance from the extreme northern 
part of the Bronx to the center of Manhattan. The physical advantages 
for a comprehensive transportation system are therefore far greater. All 
the transit facilities from Bronx to Manhattan centers must be congested 
in parallel lines set in narrower space. 

The transit problems of Brooklyn have been solved by widely radiating 
elevated and subway trunk lines, branching out fan-like from all parts of 
Brooklyn into Manhattan, under the river or over the river, by various 
tunnels and bridges. These trunk lines reach out into a far-spreading level 
territory easily dug and unusually suitable for building. These trunk 
lines are fed bv an admirable system of hundreds of miles of electrified 



87 



roads, covering beautiful suburbs, where families may live in health and 
comfort at comparatively small expense. This vast breadth of territory 
permits avoidance of congestion that is almost inevitable in Manhattan 
and The Bronx. 

The East River, once a natural barrier, is now covered by so many 
bridges and will be burrowed under by so many more tunnels, that it will not 
be and is not now to be considered an obstacle. The elevated and subway 
lines now existing, under construction and planned for the future, are and 
will be able to carry a greater population speedily and comfortably. 
Brooklynites would do well to appreciate that they have the largest electric 
service system of railroads in the United States ready to feed trunk lines 
which will and are now making a borough and interborough system not 
only superior in its service-giving possibilities, but eventually to be enjoyed 
at a uniform fare of five cents, adding immeasurably to the other natural 
economies of this best of all home communities. 

Manufacturers already appreciating the advantages of our great shore 
front, will become more enthusiastic over the facilities of the borough when 
the great connecting road now being built by the Pennsylvania and New 
Haven and Hartford roads is completed. The line of this great passenger 
and freight road is without grade from the shores of Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, 
around bv way of Jamaica and Queens over Ward's and Randall's Islands, 
to the Morris Park line of the New England roads. The right of way has 
already been secured and the tracks, depressed and elevated, are ready for 
traffic in South Brooklyn. 

Brooklyn has been opened to the country and all the country will be 
opened to Brooklyn. It will not be long before its healthful suburbs along 
the sea and inland will be transformed into more miles of beautiful villas 
and comfortable homes where the well-to-do, the clerk and the laborer 
will reside, within easy reach of their business places, enjoying the best 
of transportation facilities. 




Brighton Beach — Newkirk Avenue Station 



THE COMMERCE OF BROOKLYN 

By Waiter Hammitt 




)ROOKLVN is known as a community of homes. People 
seek this borough for many reasons, not least of which is 
the fact that it is a pleasant place in which to live. And 
no small measure of the comfort and satisfaction of living 
in Brooklyn are provided by retail commercial establish- 
ments which are not surpassed in service by those of 
anv other community in the world. 

To Brooklyn comes the best in merchandise that the world provides. 
The principal department stores — which are among the dozen largest in 
the entire country — send many representatives abroad several times a year 
and at all times maintain comprehensive and very large stocks of reliable 
merchandise at fair prices. Some of these stores indeed have permanent 
foreign establishments in special lines which enable them to provide for 
their customers a service that in these particulars is perhaps not rivaled 
by any other stores in the whole country. The fact that to these stores 
come patrons not only from Brooklyn, but also from Manhattan, New 
lersev, Connecticut and other still more distant places is indication of the 



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Bird's-eye View from Court Square towards Navy Yard 



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Commandant's Residence and Spanish Guns — Navy Yard 



exceptional quality of the service which is daily at the command of the 
residents of Brooklyn. 

A similarly high standard is maintained by the retail commercial 
establishments of other sorts throughout the community. The neighbor- 
hood stores — butcher, grocer, baker, etc., — are almost uniformly conducted 
with ability and by their moderate prices provide plentiful opportunity 
for sound economy. 

The supplies of these stores come from the best sources. The coun- 
try's best comes naturally to New York, and the Brooklyn storekeepers 
have choice from these supplies, while their lesser fixed expenses — more 
moderate rentals, etc., — make it possible for them to make lower prices to 
their customers. Other branches of commerce have grown in recent years. 
The warehousing branch was always a feature and is now expanding. In 
the section which may be designated as the Fulton Street and that one in 
the Eastern District which was Broadway below the Bridge Plaza, the 
wholesale trade in various branches of commerce has grown largely. 

No convenience of living that might fairly be looked for in a large 
city with the best markets to draw from is missing in Brooklyn. Tele- 
phones are to be had for a five-cent toll. Gas and electricity are sup- 
plied at very low rates. The community has developed along those 
pleasant lines that make the resident well satisfied with Brooklyn. 






90 









MANUFACTURES 



By Frederic H. Evans 




iROOKLVN is destined to become the greatest manufac- 
turing section of the largest city in the world. The im- 
mense advantages it will have when the connecting rail- 
roads cross at Hell Gate, giving ample and satisfactory 
facilities for bringing raw material from every part of 
North America into the heart of the borough, have at- 
tracted the attention of far-seeing business men for the last half decade. 
Gradually and in ever increasing numbers manufacturers have been 
moving from Manhattan. This movement has so far been chierlv toward 
South Brooklyn and Greenpoint, but it is now extending more and more 
through the older sections. Already great factories built of concrete, brick 
and steel, absolutely fireproof, are going up on every hand. When the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, the New York Central and the New York, New 
Haven and Hartford can bring their freight to this borough, and by con- 
necting with the freight railroads to be built along our water front with 
spurs running to the factories on the one side and other spurs to the docks 
and wharves capable of receiving the largest steamships afloat on the 




Sugar Refineries — Brooklyn Water Front 



91 














Williamsburg Bridge 

other, Brooklyn will be the great manufacturing borough, while Man- 
hattan will maintain its supremacy as a commercial city. 

We have only to look forward a few years to see that with the 
advantage of raw material brought without transhipment or rehandling to 
our factory doors; the finished goods shipped by steamships which form 
great ocean ferries radiating to all parts of the world, without the ex- 
pense of trucking, lighterage and reshipment, Brooklyn will assume a 
commanding position in the industrial world. Manufacturers will always 
establish their factories where the cost of transportation is least and the 
steady and increasing movement from across the river which has set in, 
is not surprising to those who have considered the relative cost of pro- 
ducing goods in Manhattan and in Brooklyn. Real estate valuations in 
the Borough of Manhattan have increased so enormously in the last ten 
years, that rents have been advanced until they are prohibitive except 
where but small space is required and large profits are realized. 

What the growth of manufacturing interests in the borough is now 
cannot well be shown by comparing with the past, as the increase is so 
much greater each year, but a few statistics are interesting and sugges- 
tive. In the year 1900 the electric current generated and used for factory 
power purposes was 15,000 horse power. In 1910 it was approximately 75,000 




horse power. It has been estimated that steam and gas engines have 
furnished quite as great an increase in power. 

The building operations for factory purposes show even more sur- 
prising results. Taking one section of Brooklyn where so lately as 1904 
there were few if any factories, buildings have been erected with a total 
floor space of about 2,000,000 square feet — one hundred and twenty cor- 
porations, firms or individuals are doing business in them, giving em- 
ployment to over 7,000 persons. This number will be largely increased 
on the completion of factories now under construction. The business 
attracted here has come from all parts of the country, the largest per- 
centage from Manhattan, but many from New Jersey, New England, 
Chicago, other parts of the West and some from the South. These are 
the pioneers, the advance guard of a great industrial army who are com- 
ing from all parts of the country to share in our advantages. 

When we consider the changes that have been and are taking place — 
when the stupendous work shortly to be commenced at Jamaica Bay, giving 
not only manufacturing, but shipping facilities, such as New York has 
never known, is completed; when the great Barge Terminal is receiving 
the products of the West, and the Buttermilk Channel is deepened so 
that the largest ships in the world can come to our docks, who shall say 
what and where will be the limit of our development? 




Atlantic Docks 



93 



THE WATER FRONT 

By L. Fletcher Sxapp 




N A FEW years, according to present ratios of increase, 
New York will be the largest and most important city in 
the world, not only in population, but in manufactures and 
general wealth. Within a few years, too, — not more than 
ten, Brooklyn will be the premier borough of New York. 
Hence, Brooklyn is destined to be the key to the world's 
greatest metropolis. There are three reasons for this: its location, its area 
and its water front. 

Manhattan Island, or "Old New York," has reached its physical limits in 
portage, docks and piers, as well as in manufactures. Brooklyn, now con- 
nected with the mainland by an extensive system of tunnels, bridges and 
ferries is the logical selection for all future harborage development of great 
magnitude. 

This borough is practically surrounded by the greater harbor of New 
York — its shore lines measuring out 132.65 miles and inclosing an area of 
seventy-eight square miles. Within this area is now a population of nearly 
2,000,000 and manufacturing establishments with an annual output of com- 
moditv having an approximate value of $1,000,000,000. 




Water Front — North of Wall Street Ferry 



04 




Bush Terminal 

The tremendous possibilities of Brooklyn's water front is therefore 
quite obvious. In the South Brooklyn water front have recently been com- 
pleted the largest docks in the world, made of steel and concrete and ex- 
tending out 1,500 feet into the water, having a depth of forty and fifty feet. 
These docks have twice the capacity of the greatest docks on Manhattan 
Island. Each could dock on either side two Lusitanias placed end to end. 
And yet this is but the beginning. In addition to tremendous investments 
in public and private docks along the East River, the Upper Bay — Erie 




Wall about Market 



Basin, Gowanus Bay and Canal, Atlantic Basin, Wallabout Bay, Newtown 
Creek, etc., plans now under way for further development on a gigantic 
scale forecasts a total cost of about $150,000,000. The greatest enterprise 
of this nature, in which the Federal, State and City governments have been 
engaged for some years in preliminaries through commissions and engineers, 
is the development of Jamaica Bay into a subsidiary harbor and port of 




Art Building 

New York. It is estimated that the consummation of this project alone will 
cost from $50,000,000 to $75,000,000. 

Jamaica Bay, protected by a natural barrier from the Atlantic Ocean, 
extends into the south-eastern section of Brooklyn with twenty-five square 
miles of water surface and twenty-five linear miles of water frontage — 

96 



more water surface and more water frontage than about the entire island 
of Manhattan. 

The work already begun in creating this harbor, involves first, the 
dredging of deep, wide channels from the ocean; the silt and sand thus 
obtained being used in filing in and reclaiming for purposes of utility 8,500 
acres of marsh lands on the water front; and second, the building of city 
docks, piers and tenantable factory buildings and warehouses. 

The docking of ocean liners and coastwise vessels in Jamaica Bay, as 
against the facilities of Manhattan Island will save from three to five hours 
to freight and passenger traffic. To the portage commerce of New York, 
which is now about $3,000,000,000 a year and increasing at the rate of more 
than 2S'"r per annum, this advantage is incalculable, especially in view of 
the greater expansion in traffic which these facilities will insure. 

Jamaica Bay has also been 
selected by the Commission as 
the logical terminus of the 1,000- 
ton barge canal, the great 
waterway into the northwest 
territory now being constructed 
at a cost of $100,000,000. 

Though the public and pri- 
vate docks in the South Brooklyn 
water front with the immense 
Bush Terminal establishment of 
docks, factories and warehouses, 
now being built and projected 
are the largest units of their 
kind in the world and involve 
several score millions of dollars 
in cost — these take a secondary 
position to the Jamaica Bay en- 
terprise. Among the most im- 
portant docking and terminal 

establishments along the East River and Upper Bay — including the Bush 
Terminal, are the New York Dock Company, Eastern District Terminal 
Company and the Palmer Docks. Two-thirds of the great warehouse and 
manufacturing industries of the borough are within a mile of these dis- 
tributing points. The Brooklyn manufactories, therefore, have every point 
in their favor. A water front tramway for traffic, articulating with Jamaica 
Bay, South Brooklyn, the East River and Newtown Creek docks, and the 
great continental mainland — north, west and south — is also in a partial state 
of development. 

These great enterprises have largely passed the stages of dreams, talk, 
commissions and preliminary work. They are already begun, partly in 

~ 97 




Hotel Bussert 








Brooklyn Post Office 

operation and their final completion, with more or less variation in plans, 
absolutely assured: and people who sense the ultimate achievement, realize 
that Brooklyn — in the near future, too — is destined to be the greatest com- 
mercial center, not only of the western continent, but of the world. 

Chiefly among the water front enterprises are the great sugar refineries, 
petroleum plants, graneries, iron and steel mills, paper and textile specialty 
manufactories, which for years have made Brooklyn famous, the Wallabout 
Market, which gathers products from the truck farmers of Long Island and 
by water from New Jersey and other points, and the nation's Navy Yard, 
where some of the great dreadnaughts and other naval craft have been built. 

98 








THE HEALTH AND SANITATION OF 
BROOKLYN 

By Peter Scott, M.D. 

^^JK^SjK HE publication on October 3rd of the death rate of Greater 
vhP/^Jff) New York, for the first nine months of 1911, by Commis- 
J&j sioner Lederle, created widespread comment. The average 
.(l^lfflSV rate of deaths in the corresponding period for the pre- 
ceding thirteen years was 18.77 per thousand of population; 
for the previous year (1911)), 16.23; but for 1911 as low as 
15.56. And when we come to inquire as to the different boroughs, we 
find the figures for the first nine months of 1911 in Manhattan were 16.75, 
while in Brooklyn it reached the very remarkable low figure of 14.74 per 
thousand of population. These figures show the death rate of Manhattan 
and Brooklyn to be lower than any of the large cities of the world, except 
London and Berlin. 

Brooklyn has always maintained a lower death rate than Manhattan. 
Taking the figures for the last three decades we find: 

1881 to 1890 Manhattan 26.6 Brooklyn 23.2 

1891 to 1900 Manhattan 22.9 Brooklyn 21. S 

1901 to 1910 Manhattan 18.5 Brooklyn 17.5 




Methodist Episcopal Hospital 



99 



Now, just as the health of the individual depends on an intelligent applica- 
tion of the laws of hygiene, so too does the health of a large cirv depend 
on following these same laws. 

The fine situation of Brooklyn would avail nothing if the people 
living there did not submit to and assist in the enforcement of all laws, 
rules, and regulations included under the general term, "Public Health." 
And that term takes in not only the activities of the Board of Health, but 
also the Tenement House Commission, the Street Cleaning Department, the 
work of the Department of Sewers, and in part the work of the Board 
of Education. 

If Brooklyn is not exactly a "City Built Upon a Hill," it is, at least in 




Jewish Hospital — Classon and St. Marks Avenues 



great part, built on the west end of that ridge that forms the backbone 
of Long Island. Within the city limits the highest point of that ridge is 
between Prospect Park and Greenwood, near Vanderbilt Avenue. To the 
east and south lie Jamaica Bay and the lower New York Bay, and beyond 
that the Broad Atlantic Ocean. To the west and north lie the New York 
Harbor and the East River so that the city may be said to be swept by 
ocean breezes. 

The collection of garbage is a problem of equal importance to that 
of sewers. The separation by the housekeeper of ashes, garbage and rub- 



100 











bish was a simple affair, but made the collection and disposal of these 
things much easier. Garbage is collected daily, transported to Barren 
Island, treated by the reduction process to recover the grease in it, and 
the solid parts prepared for the manufacture of fertilizer. The process 
is expensive, but viewed as a sanitary measure it has proved to be the best. 
Most large cities and many smaller ones have adopted this method. 

In Brooklyn, as in Manhattan, about two-thirds of the population live 
in tenements, but this much can be said in favor of Brooklyn: there is a 
smaller number of families per house, that is, a larger proportion of 
three-family tenements than in Manhattan, where there are so main 




The College of Pharmacy 



large tenements, with twelve or sixteen families in each. It is possible 
now for a man with a small income to possess a healthful home even in 
a tenement. The new Tenement Laws permit no dark rooms, provide for 
air spaces (not shafts) between separate tenements, and provide con- 
veniences for everv suite of rooms not possible under the old regime. 

In Brooklyn the tendency is towards one or two-family houses, called 
dwellings. The figures of the Department of Buildings are interesting. 
In the five years ending 1910 the number of new one or two-family houses 
was 1 5,789, and of tenements 6,517, or 71% and 299r of the total number 
erected during that period. In Manhattan during the same period the 



figures are: of one and two-family dwellings 264, and of tenements 2,151, 
or 11% and 89% respectively. 

Over and above all sits the Board of Health, guardian of the health 
of the individual. From birth on through school age, even through 
adult age, it watches, and warns, and protects. Nurses and doctors are 







L. I. College Hospital, Polhemus Clinic 



1U2 



busy among the schools, so that the eyes, ears, teeth, throats and skin of the 
children are constantly watched for evidences of disease or defects. Instant 
isolation of cases of infectious disease is employed as the best way to 
prevent an epidemic. And even when the child has become an adult, and 
enters the mill or factory, the Commissioner of Labor at Albany watches 




Brooklyn Public Library 



over him, and must know at once if there exists a case of what is classed 
as "industrial disease." 

Now all these things being so, and as long as the known laws of 
hvgiene are intelligentlv followed, there is no reason why the remarkably 
low death rate of Brooklyn should not continue, or be made even lower; 
and unless some unforseen and unpreventable epidemic appears, that is 
what we expect, and what we are striving for. 

103 




Interior Williamsburg Savings Bank 



104 






BANKING AND THRIFT 



By V. A. Lersner 




iROOKLYN is the borough of thrifty people. It is well 
supplied with banks of all kinds and of institutions for 
savings. Its savings banks are the best in the country. In 
its original conception the savings bank was a neigh- 
borhood institution and was supposed to faithfully culti- 
vate its own particular field, which as a rule was not 
extensive. This spirit is indicated in designating savings banks by such 
local names as "East Brooklyn," "South Brooklyn," "Williamsburgh," "Bush- 
wick," etc. 

We may justly conclude that the deposits of the local banks represent 
quite largely the thrift of the community, and the surprising part of it all 
is that in the twenty-one banks of Kings County there are today deposits 
of $251,730,5(1(1, representing 489,000 people, an average of $514.80, con- 
siderably higher than the average for the United States. 

By law New York banks are permitted to loan sixty-five per cent, of 
their assets upon mortgage loans, and as a matter of fact about fifty per 
cent, is so invested. By this rule it would seem that over $140,000,000 of 
the thrift funds of Brooklyn have gone into mortgage loans, no doubt quite 




The Brooklyn Savings Bank 



Kir, 






largely on property in Kings and Queens counties, for the simple reason 
that rates are always better here than in Manhattan. 

It must never be forgotten that the savings bank is essentially a thrift 
agency. Its aim should never be, and where the banks have adhered to 
their fundamental purpose has never been, to pay large dividends and 
make the interest return the primary thought on the part of the managers. 




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People's Trust Company 

If it were not for the savings bank gathering the money of the mul- 
titudes in small amounts and then loaning freely upon real estate security, 
the development of our borough would have been retarded in no small de- 
gree. The savings bank has a standing offer to any man, that if he will 
accumulate enough money to purchase a lot it will erect a building for 



100 



him, provided the loan does not amount to over sixty per cent, of the total 
valuation of both land and building. This means that the man who aspires 
to home ownership — and such aspiration is one of the most common to 
humanity — and who will open a savings bank account and deposit his 
monev regularly until he may become the proud possessor of a bit of earth 
all his own, can own a home that will not only shelter him, but by renting 





H am. 89 




Temple Bar Building 



out a portion, produce a profit which will in time liquidate his indebtedness. 
This process is going on all over Brooklyn, and the two-family house bears 
silent witness to the fact that home ownership is possible to the man who 
will deny himself for a few years some of the luxuries of life, and with 
wise counsel invest his savings in productive property that will carry itself 



to complete ownership in a few years. There is a savings bank in Brooklyn 
which has nearly five thousand mortgage loans on its books, not all of 
them loans on homes to be sure, but representing upwards of thirty million 
dollars of thrift funds of Brooklynites re-invested in realty to the profit 
of the bank as well as to the individual; and the thrifty citizen in doubt 
as to just what to do with his savings can make no better choice than to 
deposit regularly in some of our local savings institutions, until he can 
invest it in some permanent form which will yield him higher income than 
the bank can pay. 

Recent developments in the field of banking, serving a fine and most 
praiseworthy purpose in gathering and applying to a specific end, in gathering 
individual capital. These are the savings and loan associations in which 
the capital and receipts are loaned to members of the association to build 
and by easy instalment payments monthly of an ascertained sum, secure 
their own homes. These associations, which are indeed co-operative, are 
serving a fine purpose. There are two classes of members of the associa- 
tions. Those known as "borrowers," who utilize the association to obtain 
ownership of their homes and "investors," who weekly deposit amounts on 
which they earn fair interest. Thrift is encouraged in either class. 

The banks of deposit give the people of Brooklyn every banking facility 
and the trust committees in addition to banking business act as trustees 
and executors of estates, and all these institutions have the confidence of the 
public and are managed by able men. There are commercial institutions 
having their very necessary relations to commerce and therefore are not 
classed among those relating to thrift by saving. 




New York Bay from Owl's Head 



108 






THE BROOKLYN BENCH 




By Thomas P. Peters 

|NE gets a clear idea of the size of Brooklyn when he con 
siders that each business day there are upwards of forty 
judges sitting in almost as many court rooms throughout 
the borough dispensing justice. Our courts are numerous 
and exercise differing jurisdictions. At the top stands the 
'* Appellate Division of the Second Department, which meets 
in the Borough Hall. Brooklyn is the overwhelming factor in the second 
judicial district and so furnishes most of the work of that court. To it 
are brought all the appeals from the supreme and county courts. 

Brooklyn has twenty Supreme Court Justices. Four of these are assigned 
to the Appellate Division just referred to and three sit in what is called 
the Appellate Term to hear ap- 
peals from the municipal courts. 
This leaves thirteen justices for 
the work of the department. There 
are usually three justices holding 
court in the other counties of the 
district and thus there are con- 
stantly in Brooklyn about ten su- 
preme court justices for trial and 
special term work. 

Ranking next in importance 
comes the County Court, which 
while having civil jurisdiction we 
yet regard as the principal crimi- 
nal court. Kings county has two 
County Judges, but the work is so 
heavy that she frequently borrows 
one or more county judges from 
other counties. 

A distinctly criminal court of 
lesser importance is the Court of 
Special Sessions. It tries those 
who have been held by the city 
magistrates upon minor charges. It is composed of three justices. 

The ground work of the criminal prosecutions may be said to be done 
by the eight district courts presided over by the City Magistrates. These 
officials are examining and committing magistrates. Their jurisdiction to 
punish is very limited. One special part of this court is its Domestic Rela- 
tions Court, a tribunal devoted exclusively to the examination of differences 
arising between married couples. 




Flatlands Dutch Church 











'^soLk^. 





Alexander Hamilton Statue 
Front of Hamilton Club 



Domestic trou- 
bles present prob- 
lems for the judge 
all their own. 
Sometimes to pun- 
ish the father and 
husband is really 
to punish the fam- 
ily. It is often bet- 
ter to send the err- 
ing wife back to 
the home than to a 
cell. It is well that 
these cases can be 
given special study. 

There are sev- 
eral M u n i c i p a 1 
Courts having civil 
jurisdiction up to 
$250. These settle 
all the small dis- 
putes of the trades- 
people and of the 
wage-earning 
classes. It is from 
these courts that 
appeals are taken 
to the Appellate 
Term. 

Kings County 
has, of course, a 
Surrogate's Court. 
She has but one 



Surrogate, although the business of the court is very extensive. The clerk 
of this court is permitted by statute to relieve the Surrogate of much of his 
former work. This makes the selection of the Surrogate's clerk an im- 
portant matter. 

In the Post Office building on Washington Street is the United States 
District Court for the Eastern District of New York. Here preside two 
Federal judges, exercising the peculiar jurisdiction that attaches to a United 
States court. 

Brooklyn shows in her courts the most recent ideas. Her judges, as a 
class, are men of the highest type. To first offenders her courts are lenient 
For old offenders she has the sternest treatment. 








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INDEPENDENT AND SELF-SUPPORTING 



By Benj. T. Butterworth 

)HILE Brooklyn welcomes those families who derive their 
support from Manhattan, it is not true as has been so 
often claimed that this borough's existence and growth 
depends upon the industries, commerce and trade of its 
neighboring borough. Even in the early days of Brook- 
lyn's life as has been shown in another chapter, Brook- 
lyn was independent of New York, and such is the extent and strength 
of this borough's commercial interests, that should (if such an event were 












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possible) Manhattan be blotted off the map, and all the people of Brooklyn 
who labor in Manhattan remove to other sections of the country, Brooklyn 
would still be one of the largest cities in the world, reliant only on its own 
resources. 

While thirty or forty years ago there may have been some justification 
for the designation, "New York's Bedroom," yet there never was a time 
when there were not more Brooklyn people employed in Brooklyn than 
those who lived here but employed in New York. 




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There was a time when there existed in New York a feeling of resent- 
ment against Brooklyn on the part of real estate and political interests 
when it was found in certain localities that many residents were remov- 
ing to Brooklyn owing to the great influx of foreigners into their hitherto 
quiet residential neighborhood. That this movement of old families should 
be Brooklynward instead of "Uptown" was deeply resented. It was but 
natural that this migration should be to Brooklyn, especially after the ferries 




23D Regiment Armory 



had established frequent communication between the two cities, and in even 
greater volume upon the completion of the Brooklyn Bridge. There had 
long been social and business intermingling between the two communities 
and intermarriages. The people of both were of the same class socially 
and intellectually and when the East Side families were crowded out of 
their neighborhood, they found that Brooklyn had advantages and social 
environment that the newer section of upper New York had not. While 
these families had moved their homes to Brooklyn, they still retained their 
business and occupation in New York, which fact accounts for the old 
saying that "Brooklyn is but a dormitory for Manhattan." 

8 113 




Temple Israel 



That there is no truth in the saying now is evident to everyone. The 
wonderful upgrowth of trade in manufacturing and in the extension of 
commerce, internal and foreign, its shipping and its increased facilities for 
conducting large business enterprises has brought about a condition whereby 
far the largest portion of Brooklyn's earning population find emplovment 
within its own boundaries. 

All this came about so naturally, though quickly, that the old Brook- 
lynite of a sudden woke up to the fact that this borough is one of the 
largest manufacturing centers of the country. 

Some ten years ago, Congressman William C. Redfield, then Commis- 
sioner of Public Works of Brooklyn, suggested an investigation as to the 
degree in which Brooklyn was self-supporting. The investigation showed 
that of the population in 19(12, estimated at 1,230,188, but 96,000 found 
employment or occupation in Manhattan and 261,000 in Brooklyn. The 
results of that investigation were published in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, 
Tuesday, June 17, 1902. Reduced to percentages the investigation showed: 

Number of workers of whole population 29."' I 

Number of workers employed in Brooklyn 21.3% 

Number of workers employed in Manhattan 7.7'. 

114 



The number of people passing between the two boroughs within twenty- 
four hours was not represented in the 96,000 Brooklyn residents employed 
in Manhattan because it was shown that of the 240,000 people going to and 
fro between Brooklyn and Manhattan only 40% were actually employed in 
the latter borough. 

These basic figures have changed in the past ten years. The popu- 
lation has grown to, at least, 1,700,000, an increase of 3S.l f /c, and com- 
merce and manufactures has so largely increased that the number em- 
ployed in Brooklyn has grown from 261,000 at the time of the investigation, 
to 420,000. The 1910 United States Census show that in manufactures 
alone, the number employed has increased from 114,927 in 1900 to 139,927 
in 1910, an increase of 21.7';. 

If an investigation in 1912 were conducted on the same lines as that 
of 1902 it would clearly show that if the total figures have been enlarged 
in the growth of Brooklyn, the percentages have not been materially changed. 
What change there is, slightly increases the number earning in Brooklyn 
and slightly diminishes, relatively, the number earning in Manhattan and 
residing in Brooklyn. 

It is therefore evident to all that Brooklyn is today self-supporting and 
owes its present prosperity and its future prospects to its own growth — - 
energy and industry. 




Boating ox Prospect Park Lake 



115 




Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children 



in: 




BROOKLYN OF THE FUTURE 

Joseph V. Witherbee 

'HE importance of the City Planning Movement in Brooklyn 
has become so apparent to all public-spirited citizens that 
it is now recognized as a permanent civic feature — a feature 
which is necessary to the future development of the borough 
along practical, useful and harmonious lines. From the 
haphazard manner of city planning — or rather the absence 
of city planning — in the past, system has been evolved, and the perfecting 
of this system means that the borough orderly is to take the place of the 
borough disorderly. The mere fact that public improvements, in the way 
of buildings, parks, or 
boulevards, are made in 
Brooklyn, will not add to 
the attractiveness or to the 
utility of the borough un- 
less these improvements 
conform to one compre- 
hensive plan under the 
direction of an authorita- 
tive and a competent head. 
It is toward the 
achievement of an orderly 
borough that the Brooklyn 
Committee on City Plan is 
working. Many efforts 
were made to start a 
movement toward a sys- 
tematic city plan, such as are under way in Chicago, Cleveland, Boston and 
Washington, but it fell to a clergyman, the Rev. Dr. Newell Dwight Hillis 
of Plymouth Church, to sound the note for Brooklyn which met with a prompt 
response from all good citizens. Closely following his suggestion was the 
visit of Daniel H. Burnham, who, above all others in this country — 
perhaps in the world — is the master in the planning of cities. Mr. Burnham 
viewed the situation and, in his address at the dinner given in his honor, 
pointed out the way. 

The organization of the committee was quickly accomplished. It is 
composed of some two hundred members who have been selected from 
citizens having the best interests of the borough at heart. The chairman is 
Frederic D. Pratt; the vice-chairmen are A. T. White, the Rev. Dr. Newell 
Dwight Hillis, David A. Boody, Charles A. Schieren, John McNamee, 
William McCarroll, James H. Post, Edward M. Bassett and A. A. Healy; 
Major J. W. Tumbridge is the secretary, E. T. Maynard the treasurer, and 




Beth Elohim Synagogue 



117 



the executive committee consists of Edward C. Blum, C. H. Fuller, Herbert 
F. Gunnison, Walter Gibb, F. L. Babbott, Franklin W. Hooper, Frank 
C. Munson, Willis L. Ogden, Charles J. Peabody, Robert B. Woodward, 
William H. English and H. O. Wood. The committee appointed Edward 
H. Bennett, who is associated with Mr. Burnham, architect to have com- 
plete charge of the plans. In formulating these plans Mr. Burnham will 
give his aid and advice. 




Entrance to Greenwood Cemetery 

While in all respects this movement is undertaken on the part of the 
public the city authorities have universally approved it and announce 
their intention to co-operate with the committee in the development of the 
plans. Several notable features of borough improvements are under way, 
among them a new treatment of the Brooklyn approach to the Brooklyn 
Bridge, a new courthouse, a new municipal building and a new library. 

118 



CS*i 





All these and other competent improvements will be carefully studied 
b> the committee and Mr. Bennett. 

But the planning movement will not stop at Brooklyn. The spirit of 
progress has extended to the length and breadth of Long Island. Mr. 
Burnham suggested that all Long Island, from Montauk Point to the 
Brooklyn Bridge should be included in one harmonious plan of development. 
And a start in that direction has been made. Queens, Nassau and Suffolk 
counties have planning committees for the purpose of uniting with Brooklyn 
in one grand project of improvement. It is proposed to build boulevards 
the entire length of the Island connected by cross-island roads and so 
advance the individual improvements of the counties that they will become 
a part of the system of harmony. 

This is only a brief outline of the work which has been undertaken. 
One must read between the lines if he would glance into the future. He 
need not be a dreamer to see what the future will bring forth in the way 
of utility, attractiveness and greatness for Brooklyn and for all Long Island. 




J. S. T. Stranahax Statue 



119 








120 



Academy of Music 



THE DESTINY OF BROOKLYN 



Frederick \V. Roue 

HE destiny of Brooklyn lies in its topography, its advan- 
tages and its spirit — in its area, its water front and its 
contiguity to the sea. There seems never to have been a 
time when the thoughtful Brooklynite did not have confi- 
dence in Brooklyn's great destiny. They peered into the 
future and saw the time when the East River as a line of 
separation from the rest of the country would be removed. So confident 
were they of the future greatness of Brooklyn that, shortly after it became 
a citv, they began a government building that should be commensurate 





Hamilton Club 



121 




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with the future thev saw. They laid the foundations of a structure which 
should cover all of the space now occupied by the present Borough Hall 
and the open grounds surrounding it. A financial panic which laid the 
whole country low, halted the work with the result of building a smaller 
edifice within the space intended for the larger one. Perhaps we have 
been inclined to laugh at the optimism of those years yet almost ever since 
we have been building additional buildings to accommodate that great 
growth which our forefathers so clearly saw. 

Under physical disadvantages of isolation the growth of Brooklyn 
was so great as to excite the wonder of sociologists. Brooklyn has always 




Tompkins Avenue Congregational Church 



123 




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124 



grown. Nothing could keep it down. In its early days it began to work 
out its destiny. And when a bridge was thrown across the East River it 
leaped forward with such a bound that its destiny was revealed even to 
the dull and the unthinking. Retarded as it has been by insufficient transit 
accommodation it nevertheless has gone forward increasing its commerce 




St. Ann's P. E. Church 

and multiplying its population. Adequate transit facilities will in a very 
few years be a Brooklyn possession. 

If Brooklyn has grown to be the great community of 1,700,000 that it 
is now, what must be its growth when transit facilities are an adequate fact 
and all of its natural advantages can come into full life? 

The destiny of Brooklyn lies in its growth. The statistician, Dr. Caca- 
vajo, has made this prediction as to the growth of Brooklyn in population: 

125 



Population 
In 1920 — Eight years from now - - - 2,500,000 
In 1930 — Eighteen years from now - - 3,500,000 

In 1940 — Twenty-eight years from now - 5,000,000 

In 1950— Thirty-eight years from now - 7,000,000 

There are men who today are active in the affairs of Brooklyn who 
will live to be active in the affairs of our community when it numbers its 
people by the 7,000,000. 

And those men will see that their community leads in commerce, and 
in manufactures, as well as in population. And they will see that it will 
continue to be a "City of Homes" — that under the stimulus of its great 
growth what makes a city worth while — its charities, its churches, its 
educational institutions, its art movements, its libraries and its healthful 
sports — will grow in proportion with its material growth while it will 
become the City Beautiful through the execution of its plans that have 
already been initiated. 

That is the destiny of Brooklyn. To lead in population, in commerce, 
in manufactures, in the arts and sciences, in the benevolences of charity, in 
the refinements of life in the churches, the multiplied libraries, the educa- 
tional institutions and of the social life based on intelligence, refinement 
and morals. 




120 



The Heights Casino 



FACTS ABOUT BROOKLYN 



By Edwin G. Martin 

iII'HIN the limits of what is now the Borough of Brooklyn, 
the first European family, deorge Jansen de Rapalje, set- 
tled in the Spring of 1625. On the 9th of June of the same 
year, the first child, Sarah Rapalje, was born. This family 
settled at a point near the site now occupied by the Navy 
Yard in the Wallabout Section. 
According to the United States census the population of Brooklyn grew 
from 1,166,582 in 1900 to 1,634,351 in 1910, an increase of nearly half a 
million in ten years, the rate of increase being 40%. 

Vital statistics for 1911 are interesting. They show the number of 
Marriages were, 13,923; Births, 44,9(11; Deaths, 24,827. 

Brooklyn has within its boundaries 560 churches. There are 2S branch 





Flatbush Congregational "Meeting House" 

public libraries with a circulation of 4,236,602 volumes. The number of 
volumes is 705,426. There are 1,720 firemen and 2,342 policemen. 

Brooklyn has 38 parks with a total acreage of 1,133.43. 

The total miles of streets is 1,099, of which 727 miles are paved and 
72 miles are macadam roads. There are 892 miles of sewers and 967 
miles of water mains. 

265,441 pupils are registered in the 167 public schools and the teaching 



127 



force is 5,683. The number of pupils registered is only a few thousands 
less than the number registered in Manhattan. 

Of High Schools there are seven and the pupils registered therein are 
17,955. 

In 1911 permits were issued for 5,288 new buildings at an estimated 
cost of $32,59S,240. In the same year the number of new buildings com- 
pleted was 4,202 at a cost of $27,999,234. 

Assessed value of personal property in 1912 - $4S,753,9S5 
Assessed value of real estate in 1912 - - - 1,674,742,409 

Brooklyn has in the State Legislature 23 Assemblymen and 8 Senators; 
while in the House of Representatives there are 6 Congressmen. 

In 1911, 231,492 voters were registered, of which 214,317 voted. 




12S 



Pratt Institute 



AUG 24 1912 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



009 564 677 3 



